Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MMI 133 > HIV and Complications of Immunodeficiency > Flashcards

HIV and Complications of Immunodeficiency Flashcards

1
Q

HIV infects _____, ______, and _____ cells

A

CD4+ T cells
macrophages
dendritic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

HIV can progresses to _____.

A

AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2.

A

HIV-1: major type of HIV (global pandemic)

HIV-2: slower infection; found in West Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

HIV is what type of virus?

A

retrovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

HIV was originated from?

A

SIV; aka skinny disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the composition of the HIV virus

A
  • enveloped
  • two identical single-strand RNA
  • reserve transcriptase
  • a glycolipid envelope with spikes called gp120
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does HIV cause infection? What are the two enzymes used?

A
  1. attachment: target host cell (CD4+ T cells, macrophages, or dendritic cells) and chemokine receptors
  2. reverse transcriptase: viral RNA to viral DNA
  3. Integrase: incorporate viral DNA to human DNA chromosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HIV can either produce more virus OR become _____, so people can be unaware of the infection.

A

provirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

HIV can undergo rapid changes in _____ _____, thus allowing the restriction of drugs.

A

antigenic makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is HIV detected (2)?

A
  1. ELISA: repeatedly reactive screening tests for HIV antibodies
  2. Virus PCR: virus load from blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is HIV monitored (2)?

A
  1. viral load

2. numbers of CD4+ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the number of CD4+ cells that indicate AIDS? Why this number?

A

below 200/mm^3; virus inhibits new production of T cells and infected CD4+ cells die fast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the three stages of AID.

A

Stage A: infection is asymptomatic, swollen lymph nodes

Stage B: persistent infections by opportunists

Stage C: indicator conditions like Kaposi’s sarcoma, TB, CMV eye infections, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Initial symptoms of HIV infection to full-blown disease may take up to ___ years.

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Oral diseases associated with HIV include (4):

A
  • oral candidiasis
  • oral leukoplakia
  • gingivitis and periodontitis
  • oral ulcers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oral candidiasis is usually caused by ____ and the most common infection is ____.

A

C. Albicans; thrush

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oral leukoplakia (white lesions) is usually _______ and requires __ treatment

A

asymptomatic; no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gingivitis and periodontitis causes what symptoms (3)

A

severe pain, bleeding gums, loosening of teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common ocular viral infection?

A

CMV retinitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity of HIV disease?

A

Pulmonary disease

21
Q

What disease is the first infectious complication?

A

Mycobacterial disease

22
Q

What is a well-known AIDS-defining illness?

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

23
Q

What is a major cause of pulmonary disease? How to treat?

A

pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (pjp); diagnose and treat early with Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole

24
Q

Whats the symptoms of the pulmonary disease?

A

insidious onset and dry cough-no purulent sputum (乾咳無化膿痰)

25
Q

Mycobacterial diseases increase the risk for _____ of _____ infections and ______ disease after infection.

A

reactivation; latent; symptomatic

26
Q

Mycobacterial diseases increase the risk of symptomatic disease after infection. Why?

A

can’t hold the bacteria in a granuloma

27
Q

Mycobacterial diseases increase the incidence of _______ TB.

A

disseminated

28
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma is associated with infection by ____.

A

HHV8

29
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

cutaneous red-purple nodules

30
Q

What disease is associated with vascular neoplastic disorder and usually be seen in late-stage HIV infection?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

31
Q

What is the primary transmission of HIV?

A

heterosexual transmission

32
Q

What are the two types of direct contact with body fluids?

A

blood (Highest viral load) and semen

33
Q

Transmission is more effective if there are ____ present.

A

sore

34
Q

Examples of HIV transmission (3)

A

blood contamination from needles, organ transplants, blood transfusion

35
Q

How is HIV transferred vertically?

A

delivery and breastfeeding, artificial insemination

36
Q

How to prevent vertical transmission?

A

take medicine to keep the virus load low

37
Q

How long can meds prevent HIV in neonates?

A

6 months

38
Q

How long can HIV survive inside/outside of cells

A

1.5 days inside; 6hrs outside

39
Q

What is the most recommended treatment for HIV? Why

A

HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy); rapid development of resistance

40
Q

What are the types of inhibitors for HIV? (6)

A

Nucleoside reverse, Non-nucleoside reverse, protease, integrase, fusion, chemokine receptor antagonist

41
Q

What is the name of the drug for the combinations of 2 RT inhibitors?

A

Truvada

42
Q

What are the two uses for RT inhibitors?

A
  1. PrEP (pre-exposure) to prevent infection

2. Treatment of HIV disease

43
Q

Why is there no cure for HIV?

A

HIV provirus is integrated into human genome

44
Q

What is the year when Canada introduced HAART?

A

1996

45
Q

What occupation is riskier to get HIV?

A

nurses

46
Q

What are the risks of HIV? (4)

A
  1. deep injury
  2. visible blood on the device
  3. needle placement in an artery or vein
  4. source with late-stage HIV infection and high viral load
47
Q

How to prevent HIV? (3)

A
  1. use barriers like gloves and goggles
  2. wash hands and other skin/eye surfaces after contact with blood or body fluids
  3. handle and dispose of sharp instruments carefully
48
Q

What is PEP? Explain.

A

(Post-exposure prophylaxis)
HIV medicines taken very soon after a possible exposure to HIV to prevent the virus from taking hold in your body;

  • must be given early like up to 36 hrs;
  • monitor antibody levels for at least one year.
49
Q

How many drug combos do patients who had low, high viral load receieve?

A

low risk: 2 drug combo

high risk: 3 drug combo

MMI 133 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions