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MMI 133 > Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTIs) > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTIs) Flashcards

1
Q

What microorganism causes tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)

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2
Q

Describe the morphology of MTB

A

Bacillus, non-motile, acid fast (no G), obligate aerobe

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3
Q

What does MTB produce that causes bacteria to clump + inhibits phagocytosis?

A

Cord factor

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4
Q

Does MTB produce toxin?

A

No

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5
Q

What forms an impermeable barrier around MTB?

A

Mycolic acid

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6
Q

What is the major pathogenic mechanism of MTB?

A

Inflammation

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7
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

Airborne

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8
Q

What are the 3 outcomes after TB?

A
  • Latent infection
  • Primary tubercle forms
  • Spread of active infection
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9
Q

Describe latent infection

A

TB enters macrophages and remain

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10
Q

Describe primary infection

A

Host cell isolates the infection in a tubercle (granuloma)

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11
Q

Why can’t TB replicate inside tubercles?

A

Low pH + low oxygen

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12
Q

When does a disseminated infection (miliary tuberculosis) occur?

A

If tubercle doesn’t form or if it ruptures

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13
Q

Describe second stage infection

A

Spread of tubercles from primary infection or reactivation of latent infection

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14
Q

Is MTB present in both TB latent infection and active disease?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What are the results of a Tuberculin Skin Test for TB latent infection and active disease?

A

Latent: positive
Active: negative

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16
Q

Describe chest x-ray results for TB latent infection and active disease

A

Latent: normal
Active: reveals lesion

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17
Q

What are the results of a sputum smear & culture for TB latent infection and active disease?

A

Latent: negative
Active: positive

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18
Q

Describe the symptoms of TB latent infection and active disease

A

Latent: none
Active: cough, fever, weight loss

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19
Q

Are TB latent infection and active disease infectious?

A

Latent: no
Active: infectious before treatment

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20
Q

Are both TB latent infection and active disease defined as cases of TB?

A

Latent: no
Active: yes

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21
Q

What are the 6 methods of diagnosing TB?

A
  • Acid-fast rods in sputum
  • Culture
  • QuantiFERON Gold
  • Skin test
  • Tuberculin test
  • Mantoux test
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22
Q

What is the vaccine for TB called?

A

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin)

23
Q

When is BCG used?

A

High risk children in NA (not effective

24
Q

Causes of pneumonia in adults are mainly ____ whereas in children are mainly ____

A

bacterial, viral

25
Q

What microorganism causes typical pneumonia?

A

S. pneumoniae

26
Q

Describe the Gram morphology & characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Facultatively anaerobic, G+, diplococci

27
Q

Does S. pneumoniae respond to penicillin?

A

Yes

28
Q

S. pneumoniae often spreads to blood, causing:

A

Bactermia, speticemia, sepsis

29
Q

What 2 types of vaccine does typical pneumonia have?

A
  • Polysaccharide (23 types)

- Conjugate (13 types)

30
Q

What are symptoms of typical pneumonia?

A

Fever, rust colored sputum, breathing problems + chest pain

31
Q

What are 6 factors that contribute to S. pneumoniae’s pathogenicity?

A
  • Capsule
  • Cell wall
  • Choline binding proteins
  • Autolysins
  • Pneumolysins
  • Production of OH, neuraminidase, IgA protease
32
Q

What are the 5 viruses that can cause atypical pneumonia discussed in class?

A
  • Bronchiolitis
  • RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
  • Croup
  • Covid-19
  • Influenza A
33
Q

What demographic does bronchiolitis affect?

A

Children <2 years

34
Q

Describe bronciolitis

A
  • Inflamed bronchioles result in reduced oxygen intake

- Necrosis of epithelial cells

35
Q

How is RSV transmitted?

A

Direct contact + droplet

36
Q

What demographic does RSV affect?

A

Children <5 years & elderly

37
Q

What is the treatment for RSV?

A

None + no vaccine

38
Q

What are the symptoms for RSV?

A

Coughing, wheezing

39
Q

What causes RSV?

A

Enveloped RNA virus

40
Q

What causes croup?

A

Parainfluenza virus (PIV), enveloped RNA

41
Q

Describe croup

A

Swelling of mucous membranes in respiratory tract

42
Q

What demographic does croup affect?

A

Children

43
Q

What causes Covid-19?

A

Sars-CoV-2

44
Q

What is the main receptor for Covid-19 in humans?

A

Angiotensin convernting enzyme 2 (ACE2)

45
Q

ACE2 normally breaks down ____ but when Covid-19 binds to ACE2, ____ is destructive

A

ANG II, ANG II

46
Q

What are the glycoprotein spikes on the Covid-19 virus responsible for?

A

Tropism + attachment to host cell

47
Q

What is influenza A caused by?

A

Segmented RNA viruses

48
Q

How long is the incubation period for influenza A?

A

1-5 days

49
Q

How is influenza A transmitted?

A

Droplet

50
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A
  • Point mutations in viral genome

- Require new vaccines

51
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A
  • Recombination of viral RNA segments (significant changes)

- Leads to pandemics

52
Q

What are 4 fungi that can cause atypical pneumonia?

A
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Coccidioidomycosis
  • Aspergillosis
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci
53
Q

Does atypical pneumonia respond to penicillin?

A

No, resistant

MMI 133 (26 decks)

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