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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Negative feedback

A

occurs when the level of activity is decreased by rising levels of a hormone or substance

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2
Q

Positive feedback

A

occurs when the levels of activity are increased by rising levels of a hormone or substance

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

located just ventral to the thalamus

works very closely with the pituitary gland

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4
Q

Hormones of the Hypothalamus

A

Oxytocin
ADH–>antidiuretic hormone
CRH–>Corticotropic-releasing hormone

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5
Q

Oxytocin

A

causes contractions during parturition

synthesized by the hypothalamus but is stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland

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6
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

signals the kidneys to retain water

synethesized by the hypothalamus but is stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland

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7
Q

Corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

Signals the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

released by the hypothalamus

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8
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

ventral to the hypothalamus

most posterior of the two pituitary glands

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9
Q

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland

A 
Oxytocin 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Synthesized by the hypothalamus, stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland

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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

ventral to the hypothalamus

most anterior of the two

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11
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland

A 
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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12
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates and maintains lactation

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13
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates the release of cortisol by the adrenal glands

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14
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  • Lateral sides of the trachea, closer to the larynx
  • 2 thyroid glands one on each side of the trachea
  • can be palpated when enlarged
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15
Q

Hormones of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid hormone T3 and T4

Calcitonin

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16
Q

Thyroid hormone T3 and T4

A

promotes growth and metabolism

when thyroid hormone is needed T4 is converted to T3 in the liver, kidneys and muscles

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17
Q

Calcitonin

A

lowers calcium levels by causing calcium to become deposited into the bone tissue (osteoblasts)

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18
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

very small gland located on the superior end of the thyroid glands

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19
Q

Hormones of the Parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroid hormones

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20
Q

Parathyroid hormones

A

increases calcium

causing the kidneys to retain calcium
causing the intestines to absorb calcium
triggering the release of calcium from bone tissue (osteoclasts)

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21
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Attached to the cranial ends of each kidney

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22
Q

Adrenal glands regions

A

Superficial to deep

  1. Adrenal cortex
  2. Adrenal medulla
23
Q

Adrenal cortex layers

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis
24
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

releases mineralocorticoids

Aldosterone

25
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

releases glucocorticoids

Cortisol

26
Q

Zona reticularis

A

releases androgens
Estrogens
Testosterone

27
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

resleases catecholamines
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

28
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal glands

A 
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Estrogens
Testosterone
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
29
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • mineralocorticoid
  • released by zona glomerulosa
  • maintains blood pressure by triggering the kidneys to retain sodim
30
Q

Cortisol

A
  • glucocorticoid
  • released by the zona fasciculata
  • the chief narutral steroid of the body
31
Q

Pancreas

A

in the abdomen, caudal to the stomach and medial to the duodenum
important functions in the digestive and endocrine system
can have both endocrine and exocrine functions

32
Q

Islets of Langerhands

A

portion of the pancreas that conducts endocrine functions

2 major cell types: alpha and beta cells

33
Q

Hormones of the Pancreas

A

Insulin

Glucagon

34
Q

Insulin

A

Released by beta cells to lower blood glucose

triggers surrounding tissue to absorb glucose in the blood stream and to convert them to glycogen (storage unit of glucose)

35
Q

Glucagon

A

Released by alpha cells to increase blood glucose

Triggers the liver to convert glycogen into glucose to be deposited into the bloodstream

36
Q

Hormones of the kidneys

A

Erythropoietin and Renin

37
Q

Erythropoietin

A

stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow (erythropoiesis)

38
Q

Renin

A

released during cases of hypotension (low-blood pressure) or hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels)

a major component of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

39
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Organ systems involved

A

Kidneys
Liver
Lungs/heart
Adrenal glands

40
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

A
  • kidneys release renin when renal blood supply decreases
  • liver releases angiotensinogen–>converted to angiotensin 1 by renin
  • Angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 in the lungs
41
Q

Angiotensin 2 functions

A

Vasoconstriction
Triggers release of aldosterone in the adrenal glands
Triggers release of ADH in the pituitary gland
Signals the kidneys to retain water–>increases blood pressure

42
Q

Hormones of the Stomach and Small Intestines

A

Gastrin

Secretin

43
Q

Gastrin

A

A hormone released by the stomach that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid

causes stomach contractions

44
Q

Secretin

A

a hormone released by the small intestines

stimulates the release of sodium bicarbonate into the duodenum to neutralize (buffer) the acidity of hydrochloric acid

45
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

disease of the hypothalamus

caused when ADH is not synthesized by the hypothalamus or released by the posterior pituitary gland

Can cause extreme dehydration

46
Q

Diabetes insipidus-

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

prevents loss of water by acting on two bodily systems, signals the kidney to retain water and signals the animal to consume water (nervous system-thirst)

47
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison disease)

A
  • disease of the adrenal glands
  • Occurs when adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is not released by the pituitary gland
  • hypothalamus does not release CRH to trigger the release of ACTH
48
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing disease)

A
  • disease of the adrenal glands
  • occurs if too much cortisol is produced by the adrenal gland
  • can be caused by the adrenal glands becoming over stimulated due to inflammation or cancer or influx of messenger hormones
49
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A
  • disease of the pancreas
  • directly involves blood glucose levels
  • characterized as having a blood glucose that is consistently higher than normal due to 2 causes
50
Q

Two causes of Diabetes mellitus: Type 1

A

Pancreatic insufficiency

51
Q

Two causes of Diabetes mellitus: Type 2

A

Decreased sensitivity to insulin

52
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • disease of the thyroid gland
  • more common in cats
  • occurs when too many thyroid hormones are released into the bloodstream
  • causes extreme increase in metabolism
  • Symptoms: PU/PD, increase hunger, polyphagia
53
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • disease of the thyroid
  • more common in dogs
  • caused when too little thyroid hormones are released into the bloodstream
  • Symptoms: lethargy, ataxia, rapid weight gain

Anatomy and Physiology (36 decks)

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