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Anatomy and Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of Blood

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

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2
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Allows red blood cells to transport oxygen to tissues

Contains iron molecules that bind to oxygen molecules

what gives blood its red color

One of three proteins in the blood

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3
Q

Bilirubin

A

Created by hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed or lysed

a catabolic byproduct

yellow pigment

Can show up in bruises or on tissue membranes

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4
Q

Methemoglobinemia

A

A condition when animals consume acetaminophen

large amounts of hemoglobin will be replaced by methemoglobin

Methemoglobin will bind to oxygen, not releasing it to the cells

Causes internal hypoxia

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5
Q

Icterus or Jaundice

A

used to describe yellow membranes

large amounts of bilirubin in the bloodstream

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6
Q

Plasma

A

The liquid portion of whole blood

Contains all three proteins

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7
Q

Serum

A

The liquid portion of clotted blood

secreted from an open wound

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8
Q

3 major proteins found in the blood

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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9
Q

Albumin

A

Maintains oncotic pressure (blood pressure)

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10
Q

Globulins

A

The major component of the immunity system

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11
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Used to clot blood

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12
Q

Blood functions

A

Transportation
Regulation
Defense

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13
Q

Blood Transportation

A

carries oxygen to tissues
carries carbon dioxide to the lungs
carries hormones for the endocrine system

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14
Q

Blood Regulation

A

Regulates internal temperatures and pH levels

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15
Q

Blood Defense

A

White blood cells defend against foreign invaders

Platelets prevent excessive hemorrhaging

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16
Q

Types of Blood cells

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

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17
Q

Erythrocyte structure

A 
Red blood cells 
Make-up the majority of the blood's cells
Anucleated
Biconcave disk shape
Devoid of organelles
Carry fluid and hemoglobin
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18
Q

Erythrocyte function

A

To act as an oxygen carrier

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19
Q

Anemia

A

Reduced oxygen-carrying capability

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20
Q

Causes of Anemia

A 
Iron-deficiency
Hemolytic
Hemorrhagic
Aplastic
Morphological
Erythropoietin-deficiency
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21
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Without iron, hemoglobin cannot bind to oxygen

This can be congenital or metabolic

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22
Q

Hemolytic

A

Caused by the destruction of red blood cells

23
Q

Hemorrhagic

A

Caused by bleeding

Removes blood from the circulatory system

24
Q

Aplastic

A

Occurs when the bone marrow cannot make enough

Autoimmune or neoplastic

25
Q

Morphological

A

Rare in animals

Can be caused by any alterations to the shape of erythrocytes

26
Q

Erythropoietin-deficiency

A

occurs during end-stage chronic renal failure

27
Q

Hypoxia

A

Lack of oxygen in the tissues

Leads to Cyanosis

28
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

production of red blood cells

occurs within the spongy bone of bone tissue and is stimulated in response to hypoxia

29
Q

Erythrocytes Life Cycle

A

Mature red blood cells are released from the bone marrow

Immature red blood cells may be released early into the bloodstream either from anemia or bone marrow dysfunction

30
Q

Erythrocytes End of Life Cycle

A

68 days for cats
110 days for dogs
broken down and recycled by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver

31
Q

Leukocytes

A 
Neutrophils-granulocyte
Lymphocytes-agranulocyte
Monocytes-agranulocyte
Eosinophils-granulocyte
Basophils-granulocyte
32
Q

Diapedesis

A

The act of a cell passing through a capillary wall in response to a stimulant

33
Q

Chemotaxis

A

The movement of a cell towards a chemical stimulant

34
Q

Neutrophils

A 
Most common white blood cells
Active immune response via phagocytosis
First responder for foreign invaders
Engulf microorganisms 
nuclei segment with age
35
Q

Band neutrophil

A

A neutrophil has a nucleus with no visible segments

Released prematurely

36
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Heavily involved with the immune system
The smallest type of leukocyte
The nucleus normally takes up the majority of the intracellular space
Four types

37
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest of all white blood cells
Contain visible cytoplasmic vacuoles
Devoid of granules

38
Q

Monocyte function

A
  • Active immune response via phagocytosis
  • The second responder during an infection
  • Partners with neutrophils
  • Active longer than neutrophils
  • Become macrophages when they enter tissues
  • A blood panel displaying high amounts of monocytes indicate a chronic infection
39
Q

Eosinophils

A

Anti-inflammatory response
Assists with the immune system
Attacks many parasites with its granules
Named after the red color of the solution that it absorbs during staining

40
Q

Basophils

A

Anticoagulation and allergic reaction response
Granules contain histamine and heparin
Gets its name from the blue stain of the granules
rarest of all leukocytes

41
Q

Histamine

A

Used to initiate an allergic reaction

42
Q

Heparin

A

Used as an anticoagulant

43
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Production of white blood cells

44
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets
Serves as the body’s immediate response to hemorrhaging
Lack a nucleus so not true cells
Composed of fragments that bud off a megakaryocyte
Smaller than red blood cells

45
Q

Thrombocytes Function

A

Achieves homeostasis by forming a clot that plugs an open wound
Prevents more hemorrhaging

46
Q

Clotting cascade

A

A wound is introduced to a blood vessel causing bleeding
Receptors on the endothelial membrane activate the clotting cascade
Thrombin is released and converts fibrinogen into fibrin
Fibrin polymerized into a mesh that forms a clot

47
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot formed in the bloodstream

48
Q

Embolism

A

The blockage of a blood vessel by any object

49
Q

Thromboembolism

A

The blockage of a blood vessel by a blood clot

50
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Having a thrombocyte count less than normal
Can be caused by an autoimmune response, neoplastic or severe blood loss
leads to clotting disorders

51
Q

Petechiae

A

Pin-point and numerous

52
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Larger and covers a wider area

53
Q

Thrombocyte count

A

175,000 to 500,00 in dogs and cats

54
Q

Cyanosis

A

Lack of oxygen causes mucous membranes and other thin tissues to appear blue

Anatomy and Physiology (36 decks)

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