Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Nutrients and Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrients and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Starches
Sugars
Glycogen
Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lipids

A

Phospholipids
Steroids
Neutral fats (triglycerides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Proteins

A

Collagen
Insulin
Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the monomers of lipids?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Any substance that is used in the body for growth, energy and survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The building and breaking down the various nutrients that animals ingest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The six categories of nutrients are…

A 
Water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an essential nutrient

A

Nutrients that must be added from an external source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Four categories of essential nutrients

A

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Essential vitamins
Essential minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do carbohydrates come from?

A

Plants and milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an important aspect of metabolizing carbohydrates?

A

To form glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is glucose?

A

A monosaccharide fuel that cells need to generate ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What two cells exclusively use glucose as fuel?

A

Erythrocytes and neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or False: Canines and felines need to ingest large amounts of carbohydrates

A

False

Canines and felines can receive an adequate amount of sugar from proteins and fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can glucose be converted into when not used as energy or stored as glycogen?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Characteristics of lipids

A

Poor water solubility

Cannot bind to polar ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Utilized by the body to transfer lipids in the blood

Can easily carry free triglycerides and cholesterol in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the main structure that absorbs lipids in the small intestine?

A

Lacteals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neutral fats

A

Stores energy and fat-soluble vitamins

Cushions and insulates organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What vitamins are water-soluble?

A

Vitamins B and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Phospholipids

A

Forms the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cholesterol

A

Most important steroid in the body
Used as a precursor to make any of the steroids
precursor for testosterone and estrogen

28
Q

Three clinically significant essential fatty acids

A 
Linoleic acid (Omega-6)
Linolenic acid (Omega-3)
Arachidonic acid (Omega-6)
29
Q

Which essential fatty acids do animals need more than any other

A

Linoleic acid

Omega 6

30
Q

What do proteins form?

A
  • The structure of muscles and other connective tissue via collagen and other fibers
  • The channels and pumps needed to move ions pass the cell membrane during an action potential
  • The enzymes used to carry out countless chemical reactions
31
Q

What is every protein genetically sequenced by?

A

A combination of any of the 20 amino acids that make up all proteins

32
Q

How many amino acids are essential?

A

10 of the 20

33
Q

What is the all or nothing rule?

A

A cell must have all of the necessary amino acids to make a certain protein or it will not begin the anabolic process

34
Q

What are amino acids sequenced by?

A

In a certain order by the nucleotides of DNA to create whatever protein needs to be made

35
Q

Vitamins

A

One of the least consumed nutrients by volume

Plays a large role in the regulation of chemical reactions in the body

36
Q

Solubility

A

The solubility of vitamins determines how long a vitamin stays in the body

37
Q

Water-soluble viatmins

A

Cannot pass through the cell wall easily

Excess amounts are excreted rather quickly

38
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

Can pass into tissue cells where it will be stored for much longer

39
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B?

A

Used in the process of creating ATP

Can be used as a fluid-additive to provide some energy to debilitated animals

40
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K?

A

Used extensively in the clotting cascade

Can be given as an injection for animals with severe clotting disorders

41
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D?

A

Used for healthy bone production and health

Animals need daily access to sunlight as they are unable to synthesize vitamin D on their own

42
Q

Minerals

A

Chemical elements that are derived from external sources
Consumed in very small amounts
Vital for organ health

43
Q

What are examples of minerals

A

Iodine, magnesium, silicon

44
Q

Iodine

A

Relatively small required intake

Necessary for the health of the thyroid

45
Q

What are the classifications of minerals?

A

Macrominerals
Microminerals
Trace minerals

46
Q

What do the classifications of minerals determine?

A

The amount that is required by the body

47
Q

Nutritional metabolism

A

Dedicated to creating energy and raw materials from the food that is ingested
Revolves around a series of chemical reactions

48
Q

Nutritional metabolism performs in two ways

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

49
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down complex molecules into smaller and simplex components

50
Q

Anabolism

A

The building of newer complex molecules

Typically by using the materials created during catabolism

51
Q

An example of Catabolism

A

The breaking down of a starch molecule into the simple sugar monomer

52
Q

What is an example of Anabolism?

A

The process of taking the monomers of starches and using it to create a complex molecule

53
Q

In what states can metabolism occur

A

Absorptive state

Post-absorptive state

54
Q

Absorptive state

A

Occurs when there are nutrients actively in the GI tract and can be used for catabolic and anabolic purposes

55
Q

Post-absorptive state

A

Occurs during instances of fasting when the GI tract is empty and the body must rely on using stored components for metabolism

56
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The process of synthesizing glucose into unstable energy or ATP

57
Q

What are the basic three stages of cellular respiration

A

GI tract stage
Cytosol stage
Mitochondrial stage

58
Q

GI tract stage

A

Involves the catabolism of nutrients, specifically sugar, derived from the food ingested

59
Q

Cytosol stage

A

Glucose created
The liver can use glucose to create ATP
Free oxygen is not needed at this stage

60
Q

Glycolysis

A

Cleaves glucose into smaller components
Glucose eventually forms pyruvic acid and then acetyl-CoA
ATP is created simultaneously
Free oxygen is not needed during this stage

61
Q

What is Pyruvate converted into and where is it brought to for oxidation?

A

Acetyl-CoA

Mitochondria

62
Q

What is Acetyl-CoA oxidized into and what other compound does it create

A

CO2

NADH

63
Q

What system is NADH used in and what does it further create?

A

Electron transport chain

ATP

64
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Excellent carriers of glucose
Utilize them to create energy
Can only carry out cellular respiration up to the cytosol stage

65
Q

What are the true stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis (occurs within the cytosol stage)
Krebs Cycle
Electron transport stage (in the mitochondria=anerobic respiration)

66
Q

In which stage does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Glycolysis

67
Q

In which stage does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Electron transport chain or mitochondrial stage

Anatomy and Physiology (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions