Chapter 2: Basic Concepts

Question 1

an environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a of interest

Answer 1

Antecedent

Question 2

refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness; a person does not have to recognize or verbalize the relation between her behavior and a reinforcing consequence, or even know that a consequence has occurred, for reinforce to “work” NOT THE SAME AS “AUTOMATIC REINFORCEMENT”

Answer 2

Automaticity of reinforcement

Question 3

in general, an unpleasant or noxious stimulus; more technically, a stimulus change or condition that functions (a) to invoke a behavior that has terminated it in the past; (b) as a punisher when presented following a behavior, and/or (c) as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior

Answer 3

Aversive Stimulus

Question 4

the activity of living organisms “that portion of an organism interacts with its environment that is characterized by det3ectable displacement in space through a time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment.

Answer 4

Behavior

Question 5

a technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior (ex differential reinforcement of other behavior, response cost) possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/ or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination

Answer 5

Behavior Change Tactic

Question 6

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punishers

Answer 6

Conditioned punisher

Question 7

A learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (sound of a refrigerator door opening) and the response it elicits (salivation); each person repertoire of conditioned reflexes is the product of his or her history of interactions with the environment/ ontogeny

Answer 7

Conditioned reflex

Question 8

A previously neutral stimulus that functions as a reinforcer because of prior paining with one or more other reinforcers’ sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcers.

Answer 8

Conditioned reinforcer

Question 9

CS; ordinarily a neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus to achieve a desired result and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone’ in Pavlov’s experiment- the bell

Answer 9

Conditioned stimulus

Question 10

a stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest

Answer 10

Consequence -

Question 11

refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables

Answer 11

Contingency

Question 12

describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred

Answer 12

Contingent

Question 13

the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer: also refers to a procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer

Answer 13

Deprivation

Question 14

an apparent that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others

Answer 14

Discriminated operant

Question 15

a stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced

Answer 15

Discriminative stimulus

Question 16

The conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of the environment

Answer 16

Environment

Question 17

The discontinuing of reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior’ the primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior until it reaches pre-reinforcement levels or ultimately ceases to occur

Answer 17

Extinction

Question 18

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

Answer 18

Habituation

Question 19

development of a conditioned reflex by the pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS) Also called secondary conditioning
History of reinforcement

Answer 19

Higher-order conditioning

Question 20

• An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus object or event

Answer 20

Motivating operation

Question 21

a stimulus whose termination functions as a reinforcement

Answer 21

Negative reinforcement

Question 22

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a respondent behavior

Answer 22

Neutral stimulus

Question 23

the history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime

Answer 23

Ontogeny

Question 24

behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences’ each person’s repertoire of operant behavior is a product of his history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny)

Answer 24

Operant behavior

Question 25

the basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences (stimulus changes immediately following responses) result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment) frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational conditions in the future

Answer 25

Operant conditioning -

Question 26

the history of the natural evolution of a species

Answer 26

Phylogeny

Question 27

the presentation of a stimulus contingent upon a behavior which that results in an increase in the future probability of that behavior.

Answer 27

Positive reinforcement

Question 28

A statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time

Answer 28

Principle of behavior

Question 29

a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of the behavior that immediately precedes in

Answer 29

Punisher

Question 30

the presentation of a stimulus contingent upon a behavior which results in a decrease in the future probability of that behavior

Answer 30

Punishment

Question 31

a stimulus-response relation consisting fo an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits

Answer 31

Reflex

Question 32

the presentation of a stimulus contingent upon a behavior which results in an increase in the future probability of that behavior

Answer 32

Reinforcement-

Question 33

a stimulus change that increases the future frequency of the behavior that immediately precedes it.

Answer 33

Reinforcer

Question 34

all of the behaviors a person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task

Answer 34

Repertoire

Question 35

the response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited or induced by antecedent stimuli

Answer 35

Respondent Behavior

Question 36

a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neural stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response (Pavlovian or classical conditioning)

Answer 36

Respondent Conditioning

Question 37

the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus; the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual’s repertoire.

Answer 37

Respondent Extinction

Question 38

a single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior

Answer 38

Response

Question 39

a group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment

Answer 39

Response Class

Question 40

a decrease in the frequency of behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior

Answer 40

Satiation

Question 41

the fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; all forms of operant behavior, from simple to complex, are selected, shaped and maintained by their consequences during an individuals lifetime

Answer 41

Selection By Consequences

Question 42

an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells

Answer 42

Stimluus

Question 43

a group of stimuli that share specified common elements along with formal (size, color) temporal (antecedent or consequent), and/ or functional (discriminative stimulus) dimensions

Answer 43

Stimulus Class

Question 44

a situation in which the frequency, latency, duration or amplitude of a, behavior and consequence

Answer 44

Stimulus Control

Question 45

a stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organisms learning history with the stimulus

Answer 45

Unconditioned Punisher

Question 46

a stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organisms learning history with the stimulus

Answer 46

Unconditioned Reinforcer

Question 47

the stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning

Answer 47

Unconditioned stimulus