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CVS > L13: Baroreceptor And Volume Receptor Reflex > Flashcards

L13: Baroreceptor And Volume Receptor Reflex Flashcards

1
Q

What are the local factors that affect the heart

A

Intrinsic beating (from SAN) and starlings law (ventricles that respond to stress)

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2
Q

What are the local influences in the arterioles

A

Resistance by endothelial factors released
Myotonic stimuli
Metabolic factors that are released

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3
Q

What are the local influences for veins

A

Gravity
Respiratory pump
Muscle pump

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4
Q

What are the local factors for capillaries

A

Diffusion

Filtration

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5
Q

What are the 2 main roles of the CNS

A

Modulate reflex responses

Cause CVS and respiratory reflexes due to emotion

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6
Q

Which nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the heart

A

The vagus nerve

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7
Q

Which nerve supplies sympathetic innervation to the heart

A

Post ganglionic sympathetic fibres

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8
Q

What are the elements that make up a reflex

A 
Receptor 
Afferent nerve 
CNS
Efferent nerve 
Effector
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9
Q

Which part of the heart receives direct parasympathetic innervation only

A

SAN

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10
Q

Where does sympathetic NS act on in the heart

A

SAN
AVN
Ventricles

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11
Q

What other structures do post sympathetic fibres act on

A

Arterioles

Veins

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12
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic activity on vessel

A

Vasoconstriction

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13
Q

Which nucleus activates the vagus nerve for parasympathetic innervation to the heart

A

Nucleus ambiguus

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14
Q

Which nucleus acts on the pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres

A

RVLM : rostral ventrolateral medulla

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15
Q

Which hormones are involved in the responces

A

Catecholamines
Vasopressin/ADH
Angiotensin 2

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16
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic activity on the heart

A

Decrease heart rate

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17
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic activity on the heart

A

Increase hear rate

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18
Q

Name a simple reflex

A

Baroreceptor reflex

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19
Q

What is the role of the baroreceptor

A

Maintain/regulate arterial blood pressure (ABP)

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20
Q

What do baroreceptor detect

A

Stretch

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21
Q

What is stretch an indication of

A

Blood pressure

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22
Q

When does stretch increase

A

With increased blood pressure

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23
Q

Where are baroreceptors found in the body

A

Carotid sinus

Aortic arch

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24
Q

Where is the carotid sinus found

A

At the bifurcation of the common carotid artery into the internal carotid artery

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25
Q

How many carotid sinus do we have in the body

A

2 because there are 2 internal carotid arteries

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26
Q

Which nerve detects the changes from the baroreceptors in the carotid artery

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9)

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27
Q

Which afferent nerve detects the changes from the baroreceptors in the aortic arch

A

Vagus nerve (CN10)

28
Q

Where does the afferent nerves of the baroreceptors feed into

A

NTS: nucleus tractus solitorious

29
Q

What happens to the activity in the afferent nerves when the baroreceptors detect an increase in BP

A

Activity increases

30
Q

What happens to the activity in the afferent nerves when the baroreceptors detect a decrease in BP

A

Activity decreases

31
Q

What is the equation for the ABP

A

ABP=COXTPR

32
Q

If abp falls how do we increase it back to normal

A

Increase CO

Increase TPR

33
Q

What happens to the SNS activity when blood pressure falls

A

Increases

34
Q

What happens to the PNS activity when blood pressure decreases

A

Decreases

35
Q

What is the effect of the SNS when BP decreases

A
  • SNS increases heart rate

- SNS increases contractility which increases stroke volume and increases

36
Q

What is the combined effect of increasing SV and heart rate

A

It increases cardiac output

37
Q

What is the effect of SNS on the arterioles when there is a decrease in BP

A
  • SNS causes vasoconstriction and this increases the TPR
  • SNS also causes the capillary hydrostatic pressure to fall to filtration from the interstitial space into the capillaries occur and this increases the EDV to increase pre-load
  • increase in preload increases Stroke volume which increases cardiac output
38
Q

What is the effect of SNS on the venous vessels

A

SNS causes venoconstriction
This squeezes the blood back to the heart and increases EDV
Increase in EDV increases SV by starlings law
Increase in SV increases CO

39
Q

What is the effect of decreasing PNS activity to the heart

A

Causes an increase in HR as PNS activity decreases

40
Q

Describe the baroreceptor reflex including its nucleus when the blood pressure INCREASES

A

1) afferent nerve fibres feed into the NTS
2) NTS feeds into the nucleus ambiguus to increase vagal activity to the heart and decrease heart rate
3) NTS feeds into the CVLM which causes an inhibitory input to the RVLM
So sympathetic activity decreases to the heart, arterioles and veins
4) NTS feeds into the SON PVN which inhibits the pituitary gland and therefore ADH (vasoconstrictor) release decreases

41
Q

Describe the baroreceptor reflex including its nucleus when the BP decreases

A

The exact opposite of what i just described previously

42
Q

What does the CVLM stand for

A

Caudal ventrolateral medulla

43
Q

What is the role of the CVLM

A

To inhibit the RVLM

44
Q

What does the SON PVN stand for

A

Supraoptic paraventricular nuclei

45
Q

When SNS activity causes vasoconstriction in the arterioles, which arterioles are affected

A

Arterioles in the:
GIT
Skeletal muscle
Skin

46
Q

Which arterioles in which organs are not affect

A

Kidney
Brain
Coronary

47
Q

What happens to the kidney arterioles when there is an decrease in ABP

A

Myogenic dilatation

48
Q

What happens to the cerebral arterioles when there is an decrease in ABP

A

Myogenic dilatation

49
Q

What is the myogenic response

A

A response to stretch

50
Q

What happens to the myogenic responce when ABP increases

A

Vasoconstrict

51
Q

When there is an increase in ABP why does the arterioles vasoconstrict instead of dilating

A

The primary goal of these arterioles with autoregulation is to maintain a constant blood flow despite the increasing ABP with the myogenic responce

52
Q

What happens when the abp falls below the range in autoregulation

A

Myogenic dilatation stops and instead it constricts to bring the BP back to normal

53
Q

When do we get a decrease in ABP

A

When standing
Dehydration
Haemorrhage

54
Q

Which reflex maintains the ABP in the longer term

A

Volume receptor reflex

55
Q

What do volume receptor reflex detect

A

Stretch

56
Q

Where are volume stretch reflexes located in the body

A

Right atrium

57
Q

What are the afferent nerve fibres of the volume receptors

A

Vagus nerve (CN10)

58
Q

What happens to the activity in the afferent nerve fibres when the receptors detect an increase in stretch

A

Activity increases

59
Q

Describe the volume receptor reflex with the nucleus when there is a decrease in blood volume

A

1) decrease in blood volume decreases stretch so the afferent nerve fibres decrease in activity
2) this feeds into the NTS
3) NTS feeds into the paraventricular nucleus
4) this increases the SNS activity in the kidney
5) renal vasoconstriction occurs so less renal blood is filtered
6) ADH is released form pituitary so water is reabsorbed at the collecting duct
7) this reduces urine volume and increases blood volume

60
Q

Describe what happens in the volume receptor reflex when there is an increase in volume

A

Exact opposite of what i have said

61
Q

When does stretch in the volume receptor reflex decrease

A

Haemorrhage

Dehydration

62
Q

When does the stretch in the volume receptor reflex increase

A

When lying down.

63
Q

Which activity increases stretch to the baroreceptor

A

Cough
Sneeze
Excerise
Environmental and mental stressors

64
Q

Which factors decrease the stretch in the baroreceptor i.e decrease ABP

A

Standing
Dehydration
Haemorrhage

65
Q

Which reflex is faster

A

Baroreceptor reflex

CVS (19 decks)

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