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MCAT Psych - My set > 3 - Learning & Memory > Flashcards

3 - Learning & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Acquire BEHAVIORS

acquiring facts = encoding; memory

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

any SENSATION that enters brain

-any info we can respond to

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3
Q

Habituation

A

I’m becoming used to a stimulus so my BEHAVIOR in response to that stimulus is lessened
ex) noisy construction workers outside- first frustrated, then we get used to it = less agitated, don’t cover ears as much (behavior change)

Dishabituation- construction workers take a day off, geez it’s quiet
-stimulus is interrupted w/ something; lack of stimulus or changed stimulus
-when workers come back, i’m annoyed again
(dishabituation = when interrupted and reintroduced, response increases again)
ex) Pavlov dogs- ring a bell, salivate, salivate less over time w/ bell, new sound, bell = salivate a lot again

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4
Q

Types of learning

ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING

A

1) ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING- associate something in outside world w/ behavior
a) classical conditioning
UCS = UCR (food = salivate)
NS = no resp (bell = no resp)
CS = CR (bell = salivate)
-not creating new response, just response it already knows how to do but in response to a different stimulus

b) operant conditioning
- reinforcement or punishment to create NEW behavior

Pos/neg = add/substract stimulus
Reinforce = increase behavior, punish = decrease behavior

Jobs are operant conditioning

Neg punishment = extinction; ex- grounding

Neg reinforcement = avoidance or escape
-escape = remove something unpleasant which is already happening
(ex- aspirin decrease headache)

-avoidance = avoid bad outcome in future
(ex- study for test bc dont wanna fail)

Pos punishment is aversive conditioning

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5
Q

Reinforcement schedules

A

-Fixed vs Variable, Ratio vs Interval

  • Fixed = after this many behaviors, reward
  • Variable = changes
  • Ratio = after this number of behaviors
  • Interval = time

Commission = fixed ratio; paid biweekly = fixed interval/salary

Variable ratio = lottery, gambling = STRONGEST

Variable interval = fishing

Variable stronger than fixed, ratio stronger than interval

Variable = smooth behavior, ratio = rough

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6
Q

Factors in Associative learning

A
  • LATENT learning = learn by watching someone w/o actually doing it
    ex) driving

-PROBLEM SOLVING - most complicated- step back, observe, one decisive action- w/o trial and error
This is how the mcat works :(

Learning or not learning behavior:
PREPAREDNESS- ability to train animal to do task
-based on operant conditionig
-start w/ something instinctive for it first

INSTINCTIVE DRIFT- you can only go so far against the natural inclination of that animal
ex) racoon take coin to piggy bank, lower, won’t drop bc thats how they clean food

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7
Q

Observational Learning

A
  • you learn what you do by watching others
  • can mimic

Mirror neurons- yawning
-in motor cortex (when you see someone moving, you feel like you are) and somatosensory cortex (when see someone in pain..)

modeling learning- watching someone do something and learning that as an acceptable way to behave
Bandura’s Bobo Doll expt

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8
Q

Stages of Memory

A
  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
  • Forgetting
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9
Q

Encoding

A
  • New info from memory
  • Automatic Processing = get info w/o processing; unintentional

-Controlled (effortful) processing = visual encoding, acoustic encoding, elaborative encoding (link to knowledge already in memory). semantic encoding (meaningful context; self-reference effect = easier to remember when in context of our life)

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10
Q

Aid encoding by

A

-group in meaningful ways
-maintenance rehearsal = repeat
—in working memory to prevent forgetting, or store it in short term and eventually long term
-mnemonics: acronyms, method of loci = associate each time in list w/ location along a route
ex- grocery list- imagine spilling things as you walk

-peg-word system- associate numbers with items that rhyme/resemble numbers
sun, shoe, tree- nature

clustering/chunking- take individual elements of larger list - letters backwards flipped is words; memorize chunks

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11
Q

Human Memory

A

a) sensory memory - <1 sec
b) short term memory- < 1 min
- —–leads to working memory
c) long term memory

LTM split into explicit (conscious) and implicit (unconscious) memory
—-implicit includes procedural memory = skills, tasks + operant conditioning + CRs

explicit= declarative (facts; events)

Declarative split into episodic memory (events & experiences- not just yours) and semantic memory (facts, concepts = encoding) + autobiographical memory- things that happened to you; spatial memory- how to get places

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12
Q

Sensory memory

A 
iconic = visual
echoic = auditory

eidetic memory = precisely recall image after brief exposure
-extreme form of iconic; lasts a few minutes

Testing iconic memory
whole report = expose to stimulus, remember everything= hard
partial report = stimulus/arrow, remember a small part = perfect recollection

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13
Q

Short term memory

A

STM = hippocampus

memory capacity = 7 +/- 2

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14
Q

Working memory

A
  • related to STM, hippocampus
  • keep few pieces of info in conscience simultaneously, manipulate info

frontal + parietal- attention, executive function
-see missing puzzle piece and fill in mind

kind of STM
manipulation- ex) doing mental math, carry 1 in head

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15
Q

Long Term Memory

A

elaborative rehearsal = associate info to knowledge already in LTM = semantic links; long term potentiation (stronger synapses as repeat/recent)
(vs maintainance rehearsal = repetition)

implicit = nondeclarative/procedural

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16
Q

Retrieval

A

Recall - less reliable than recognition

Recall- here’s a list of words, you learned it, now list em back
Beginning of list = primacy effect
Recognition - “was apple on a list?” - easier to do

Ebbinghaus - relearn, spacing effect
-relearn- recall from yesterday was poor but learned it a lot faster
spacing- longer time b/w learning = retain better (=cramming is bad)

Semantic networks- neurobio; priming-

  • all info you get put into schema- they have a node in a semantic network
  • when activate one, activate similar meaning things (spreading activation)
    ex) think red, remember other colors, remember roses, firetruck

Priming- present subconsciously first

-subliminal consciousness

recall cue- ex) flash red real fast, then ask which is a vehicle, notice firetruck before school bus

context effect- memory is aiding by being in the physical location where encoding took place
(do better on exam if exam is in same room that class was)

source monitoring = part of retrieval- find origin of memories; are they factual/real/accurate or fictional

state-dependent memory/effect= perform better when in same mental state when info was learned
ex) bad mood = negative memories = worse mood

serial positioning effect- primacy and recency effect

17
Q

Amnesia

A

forgetting

source amnesia = i forgot where/when i learned this

18
Q

Alzheimers

A 
neurofibrillary tangles
B-amyloid plaques
sundowning = more dysfunction in evening
progressive dementia
Loss of ACh in neurons that link to hippocampus/memory
19
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

thiamine deficiency/B1 deficiency

  • retrograde and anterograde amnesia
  • confabulation-creating vivid, fabricated memories to fill gaps
20
Q

Agnosia

A

loss of ability to recognize objects/people/sounds

-physical damage, stroke, MS

21
Q

Decay

A

-loss of memories over time
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve/retention function
-drop then level

Interference - memory loss- similar info
proactive interference- old info interferes w/ new learning
retroactive- new info makes us forget ol info

22
Q

Prospective memory

A

remember to perform task in future

23
Q

Memory reconstruction

A
  • reproductive memory- record of experiences- not how our brain works
  • reconstructive memory- why 2 people recall same event in different ways; affected by imagination, semantic memory, perception

false memory- incorrectly recalling things

recovered memories- repressed memories brought back to conscience

24
Q

Misinformation effect

A
  • a person’s recall of event becomes less accurate due to injection of outside info into memory
    ex) see stopped car at yield sign, talk about stop signs, they insist there was a stop sign
25
Q

Intrusion errors

A
  • false memories w/ false details

- not from outside source vs misinformation effect from outside

26
Q

Source-monitoring error

A

confusion b/w semantic and episodic memory

ex) i remember this happened (to someone else) but i thought it happened to me

27
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

-neural connections- can reorganize rapidly esp in response to injury

28
Q

Synaptic pruning

A
  • as we grow older, weaker neural connections are broken, strong ones are strengthened
  • NMDA for synaptic connections (glu)
29
Q

Long term potentiation

A

-strengthen neural connections through repeated use
-LTM
-as you use nodes in semantic nodes, the ones you use are strengthened- more efficient at releasing nt etc
use it or lose it

MCAT Psych - My set (26 decks)

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