4- Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Motivation - 2 types
Extrinsic, intrinsic
Extrinsic- from outside: ex) trophy, money, peer recognition
Intrinsic- from inside: ex) happiness, feeling good for helping others, feeling and looking healthy
Intrinsic motivations are stronger- more satisfaction
Sociology- cognitive dissonance: A boring task that’s paid is enjoyed less than if no extrinsic reward was given, bc then people feel like they did it bc they enjoy doing it
Theories of motivation: Intrinsic
Instinct theory, Arousal Theory, Drive-reduction theory, Need-based theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs & Self-determination theory (SDT)
^these are all largely intrinsic
Instinct theory: everything we do is based on some kind of instinct
- instinct- innate, fixed action pattern of BEHAVIOR in RESPONSE to stimuli
ex) primitive reflex - James (behaviorist)- 20 physical and 17 mental instincts
- McDougall- 18 distinctive instincts
Arousal theory: people do actions to maintain optimal level of arousal
- -Yerkes-Dodson Law (Arousal/x vs Performance/y is a bell-shaped curve)
- too low arousal = less attention/interest; too high = anxiety/burnout/stress such as working too many hours a week
Drive-reduction theory: motivation is based on goal of eliminating uncomfortable states in response to physiological conditions
(primary drive/biological ex- hungry = go eat); thirst, warmth- homeostasis
(2ndary/psychological- stems from learning, includes emotions- ex) desire for love, nurture, achievement, aggression)
*similar to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Need-based: Maslow’s- physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem (respect, confidence), self-actualization (morals, acceptance, creativity, problem solving)
SDT- Maslow focused too much on physiological needs, focus on top of pyramid- Psych needs
- autonomy- independently capable of things like tc of yourself
- competence- ability to master skills, be good at things
- relatedness- interacting w/ others
Factors that influence motivation (intrinsic)
-instincts, arousals, drives, needs
Theories of Motivation (Extrinsic)
Incentive theory, Expectancy-value theory, Opponent process theory, Sexual Motivation
Incentive theory- behavioral- want a reward, or to avoid punishment (Skinner/operant)
Expectancy-value theory- when you expect to do well and the end result is valuable to you, you will be most successful
Opponent-process
- you have opponent feelings- initial euphoria coupled w/ feeling bad when not on drug; initially one feeling dominates, after a while another feeling dominates
- explains drug addiction; start out euphoric, later take it to feel normal
- analogy: color vision; if you look at bright red for too long then looked away, you see green; blue and yellow- the red photoreceptors got tired
ex) skydiving- first time feel bad- more fear, less pleasure; after a while of experience- euphoria
Sexual motivation is an intrinsic motivator/hormonal
Elements of emotion
- physiological response
- behavioral response
- cognitive response
ex) fear
- physiological: HR increases, adrenaline release, body temp increase
- behavioral- startle response; jump, scream, startle response/superior and inferior colliculi (when sad- cry, happy- smile)- body lang in response to emotional stimulus
- cognitive- the feeling of happiness or fear; meta-emotion = feeling about feeling (ex- happy that someone you hate got hurt, then feel bad that you felt happy about that)
Universal emotions
- Ekman’s 7 universal emotions- happiness, sadness, contempt (one corner of mouth pull upward; kind of like condescending), surprise, fear, disgust, anger
- transcends culture- we have same emotions and same behavioral responses universally; hardwired
Theories of emotion
-must know
James-Lange Theory of Emotion, Cannon-Bard,
JL- first you experience stimulus, and THEN you feel a physiological arousal, then you feel an emotion
(ex- car towards you, stress hormones rise, then feel fear)
JL: stimulus -> physiological arousal -> emotion
Cannon-Bard
Stimulus -> Physiological Arousal and emotion at same time
Schachter-Singer
-like JL but arousal paired w/ appraisal/assessing
I feel anxious but why? if we attach anxiety to the arousal we feel, we feel anxiety; same w/ love
EXPT- attractive woman on land, and bridge- survey
people on bridge found her more attractive; arousal from bridge height attributed to amorous feelings
arousal + env awareness -> emotion
- another expt- inject people w/ adrenaline but tell half it’s adrenaline, tell half it’s saline
- people w/ adrenaline found researcher less attractive b/c they associated heart racing w/ adrenaline
*rxn after all these emotions
Theories of emotion recap
JL: stimulus -> NS arousal -> conscious emotion
CB: stimulus -> NS arousal + conscious emotion -> behavior
SS: stimulus -> NS arousal + cognitive appraisal -> conscious emotion
Limbic System
- most involved w/ emotion
- on both sides of thalamus
Amygdala- fear, rage; also regulate appraisal of facial emotions = recognize emotions and faces
Thalamus- Sensory relay except smell
Hypothalamus- hormonal release
Hippocampus- memory, smell- emotions / emotional memories
Emotional memories are split into explicit/conscious and implicit/unconscious memories
explicit- remembering that you had that feeling
implicit- remembering the feeling itself
explicit- in medial temporal lobe
implicit- amygdala
Prefrontal cortex- emotion
Dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortices- thinky
Dorsal - top- executive portion- decision-making
Ventral- thoughts about emotion
—specifically, ventromedial prefrontal cortex- emotional decisions, emotional suppression– communicates w/ amygdala
amygdala- feel emotions
VM- emotional decisions and inhibiting emotions- higher level
