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lecture 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 common approaches to study gross anatomy?

A
  1. systemic

2. regional

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2
Q

What advantage does the 1st approach provide?

A
  1. big picture

2. can understand the function of a system

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3
Q

What advantage does the 2nd approach provide?

A
  1. shows how different parts of each system are related to one another
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4
Q

What is clinical anatomy?

A

clinical application of basic anatomical relationships

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5
Q

What is the general anatomical position?

A
  1. human standing
  2. upper limbs are at the sides
  3. palms facing forward
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6
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A
  1. vertical plane

2. divides body into anterior and posterior parts

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7
Q

what is another name for coronal? anterior? posterior?

A

frontal
ventral
dorsal

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8
Q

What is the median plane?

A
  1. vertical plane

2. divides body into R and L halves

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9
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

any plane parallel to median plane

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10
Q

What are horizontal planes?

A
  1. divides body into superior and inferior parts

2. perpendicular to long axis

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11
Q

What is a Transverse plane?

A

a plane
perpendicular to a long axis

exception in feet; transverse in actually coronal

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12
Q

What is the opposite of superior? What are 2 other names for it?

A

inferior

cranial or cephalic

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13
Q

What is the opposite of anterior? What is another name for it?

A

posterior

ventral

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14
Q

What is the opposite of medial?

A

Lateral

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15
Q

What is the opposite of proximal?

A

Distal

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16
Q

What is the opposite of external?

A

internal

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17
Q

What is the opposite of deep?

A

superficial

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18
Q

What is the opposite of contralateral?

A

ipsilateral

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19
Q

What is the opposite of inferior? What is another name for it?

A

superior

caudal

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20
Q

What is the opposite of posterior?What is another name for it?

A

anterior

dorsal

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21
Q

What is the opposite of lateral?

A

medial

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22
Q

What is the opposite of distal?

A

proximal

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23
Q

What is the opposite of superficial?

A

deep

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24
Q

What is the opposite of internal?

A

external

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25
Q

What is the opposite of ipsilateral?

A

contralateral

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26
Q

What are 2 components of the CNS?

A

brain

spinal cord

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27
Q

Where is it contained?

A

in skull and vertebral column

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28
Q

Where is CNS contained?

A

in skull and vertebral column

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29
Q

CNS is connected to what and through what?

A

body

PNS

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30
Q

PNS is connected to CNS through what?

A

nerves

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31
Q

PNS is located with respect to CNS where?

A

outside

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32
Q

What are nerves? where are they located?

A
  1. bundles of 100s and 1000s of axons

2. throughout body

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33
Q

what are axons?

A

nerve fibers

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34
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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35
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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36
Q 
What is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for?
1Abducens?
2Facial?
3Hypoglossal?
4Glossopharyngeal?
5Spaniel accessory?
6Trigeminal?
7Trochlear?
8Olfactory?
9Optics?
10Vestibulocochlear?
11Vagus?
12Oculomotor?
A

1, 12, 7 eye movement

  1. facial expression and taste
  2. tongue movement, taste
  3. muscle of throat and larynx
  4. neck muscle
  5. touch and pain
  6. smelling
  7. vision
  8. hearing
  9. internal organs
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37
Q

What are the 3 types of nerves?

A

cerival nerves
intercostal nerves
lumbar and sacral nerves

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38
Q

What does the cervical nerves innervate?

A

neck and arms

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39
Q

where ddoes the lumbar and scaral nerves innervate?

A

legs and pelvic organs

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40
Q

What are ganglia?

A

collection of neurons outside cns

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41
Q

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are associated with what & which are located where?

A

spinal nerve

spinal ganglia

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42
Q

The spinal ganglia are part of what?

A

dorsal root of spinal nerve

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43
Q

What is an alternative name for spinal ganglia?

A

dorsal root ganglia

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44
Q

Where is the cell body of the 2nd neuron in a 2-neuron chain of autonomic nerves?

A

autonomic ganglion

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45
Q

What is another name for somatic?

A

voluntary

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46
Q

What does a somatic motor provide? from what to what? for what?

A

motor info
CNS
skeletal muscles
voluntary control of movement and posture

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47
Q

What does a somatic sensory provide? To what from what

A

conscious sensation
CNS
skin, mucosal surfaces and organs

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48
Q

What are 2 other names for autonomic?

A

visceral and involuntary

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49
Q

autonomic

It is what type of control and where?

A

reflex

smooth muscles in organ systems, cardiac, secretory glands found in internal organs (viscera)

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50
Q

What are the types of innervation of viscera?

A

sensory

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51
Q

Where is the brain contained?

A

w/i skull

52
Q

Brain has what which has 2 hemispheres?

A

cerebrum

53
Q

brain has what at the back?

A

cerebellum

54
Q

a specific part of hindbrain is also called what and has what 3 structures?

A

brain stem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

55
Q

where does the spinal cord begin and extends to where?

A

as a continuation of brainstem at foramen magnum

extends to level of disc between L1 and L2

56
Q

Where is it located in the vertebral canal? Why is this the case?

A

upper 2/3

differential growth of the spinal cord and vertebral column during late prenatal life

57
Q

What is a spinal segment?

A

length of spinal cord to which 1 pair of spinal nerves is attached

58
Q

How many cranial and spinal nerves are there?

A

43 nerves

59
Q

How many spinal?

A

31 nerves

60
Q

What are the 5 different types of spinal nerves?

How many of each?

A

8 cervical

12 thoracic /thow -
ra- sik/

                       =20

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal /coc - ci - geal/

cynthia the loco smelly child

61
Q

How does the spinal nerve exit the vertebral column?
What are spinal cords in this location?
What can they be injured by

A

through intervertebral foramina

vulnerable to injury

by herniated intervertebral disk or pathological narrowing of intervertebral foramen

62
Q

How does the motor rootlets emerge?

A
  1. continuously along the ventrolateral (forward and outward) aspect of the spinal cord
63
Q

the sensory rootlets enter how?

A
  1. through the dorsalateral (behind and outward) aspect of the spinal cord
64
Q

the motor rootlets converge to form what?

A

31 pairs of ventral roots

65
Q

the sensory rootlets converge to make ?

A

31 pairs of dorsal roots

66
Q

the ventral roots innervate what?

A

skeletal muscle in neck, trunk, and limbs

67
Q

the dorsal roots terminate as what?

A

sensory ending in the skin

68
Q

the dorsal roots send what?

what is the length?

A

they send info towards cell body located in dorsal root ganglion -> through dorsal root -> spinal cord

69
Q

one ventral root combines with 1 dorsal root to make what?

A

spinal nerve

70
Q

what is the length of spinal nerve?

A

quite short (<1cm)

71
Q

the spinal cord divides into

A

2 primary rami

  1. dorsal(posterior) ramus
  2. ventral (anterior) ramus
72
Q

the dorsal ramus innervates what?

A
  1. erector spinae muscles of the back and skin lying under them
73
Q

the ventral rami innervates and what is their size.

A

rami are large

innervate muscles and skin of remaining anterior and lateral parts of the neck and trunk

74
Q

ventral rami form what?

A

plexus for motor and sensory innervation of limbs

75
Q

what is a plexus?

A

a network of nerves

76
Q

which is bigger?

A

neuron < nerves

77
Q

how many plexus are there and how are they formed?

A
  1. 4: cervical, branchial, lumbar, sacral

2. formed by ventral rami of spinal nerves

78
Q

the branchial plexus provides what?

A

the bulk of innervation for the upper extremity

79
Q

the lumbar and sacral plexus provide what?

A

the bulk of innervation for lower extremity and pelvis

80
Q

the dorsal root is connected to what , is composed of what, peripheral process end as what, sends sensory info to where?

A

dorsal horn of spinal cord and to corresponding spinal ganglion

central processes of spinal ganglion cells

as sensory(Afferent) nerves in the skin that respond to sensory stimuli

dorsal horn of spinal cord -> info goes to multiple levels of CNS (like cerebral cortex for conscious perception of the sensation)

81
Q

the ventral root arises from where, joins what, and motor efferent fibers send what which cause what?

A

the central horn of spinal cord

dorsal root distal to the ganglion to form spinal nerve

send action potential that terminate in skeletal muscles of limbs, trunk and neck to cause contraction

82
Q

muscle in the head are innervated by what?

A

cranial nerves

83
Q

what are two branches of the spinal nerves

A

ventral ramus

dorsal ramus

84
Q

what is the ventral ramus?

A

supplies skin and muscles of anterior and lateral neck and trunk

makes plexus that innervate

85
Q

what is the dorsal ramus?

A

supplies the skin and muscle of the back

86
Q

how are sensory and motor neurons often connected w/i CNS?

A

via reflex pathway

87
Q

what is an example of reflex pathway?

A

the patellar reflex

initiated by tapping on the patellar ligament

which stretch the quadriceps femoris muscle

stretch is detected by sensory neurons in the femoral nerve

which transit the info to spinal cord

motor response occurs via motor neurons in femoral nerve that causes contraction of quadriceps femoris muscle

88
Q

what is a dermatomes?

A

a particular region of skin innervated by a spinal cord segment and its spinal nerve

89
Q

a dermatomal map of the body describe?

A

the location of each dermatome

90
Q

when is the dermatomal map used?

A

during sensory testing to localize sensory loss to specific spinal cord segments

91
Q

What are the key dermatomes?

index and middle fingers

nipple

ring and little fingers

thumb

umbilicus(belly button)

upper limb

A

Isiah Never wRites To Ur Umpire

c7

t4

c8

c6

t10

c5-t2

92
Q

what are meninges:

meninges are supportive layers of what and are continuous with what?

A

supportive layers of fibrous and elastic connective tissue

surround spinal cord

are continuous with cranial meninges that encircle brain

93
Q

what are dua mater?

are separated from bone by? why is it called that?

extends to where?

how does it end?

what is the tubular extension called and what is it attached to?

A

outermost covering separated from bone by epidural space

extends to s2 level of the vertebral column, where it ends as a blind sac except for a thin tubular extension (coccygeal ligament or (dural)filum terminale) attached to the coccyx

94
Q

arachnoid mater:

it is what to dura?

separated from dura through?

extends to where? how?

A

inner to dura and seperated from it by subdural space

extends to S2 level and lines the dura and ends as a blind sac

95
Q

pia mater

is what to the spinal cord?

at L2, what happens?

what is the extension called?

what does the extension do?

separated from arachnoid by?

A

closely invests the spinal cord

at l2 continues as a thin extention(called pial filum terminale which perforate the arachnoid mater anddura mater at s2 and continues w/i the coccygeal ligament

separated from the arachnoid mater by subarachmoid space which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (csf)

96
Q

where is the epidural space?

A

b/w bone and dura mater

contain venous plexuses

97
Q

subdural space

A

potential space b/w dura and arachnoid mater

98
Q

subarachnoid space

A

b/w arachnoid mater and pia mater

contains csf

99
Q

the tapering end of the spinal cord is called

A

conus medullaris

100
Q

what happens during fetal life?/

A

spinal cord and vertebral column are co-extensive

spinal nerve arise opposite their corresponding intervertebral foramina

101
Q

what happens during developemt

A

vertebral column grows more extensively than spinal cord such that the roots of the lower spinal nerves travel downward w/i vertebral canal to reach their appropriate intervertebral foramina

102
Q

what are these descending roots called

A

cauda quina

look like horse tail

103
Q

arachnoid membrane and subarachnoid space continue to where becaise

A

s2 vertbrate

cauda equina are bathed in csf

104
Q

in the area below l2 and above s2 what can we do

A

introduce a needle into subarachnoid space w.o fear of penetrating the spinal cord

and draw csf for lab analysis

105
Q

what is the procedure called ? to draw csf

A

lumbar puncture

LP

spinal tap

106
Q

where is the needle introduced

A

b/w l3-l4 or l4-l5 spinous processes

which are below level of spinal cord termination

107
Q

L4 is used as what?

A

an imaginary line connecting the highest points on the iliac crest which is used as a landmark

108
Q

What is anothe name for acute anterior poliomyelitis

is it highely infectious

what is it caused by

what can it cuase in hrs

it mostly affects who

how does the virus travel in the body

what does the virus do in the body

what is the result

where does it occur and what does that mean

it is an example of

A

polio

highly infectious

caused by virus

invade ns

can cause paralysis in hrs

strikes @ any age

mostly affect children under 3

virus enter through mouth, multiply in intestine, migrate to cns and destroy anterior horn motor neurons

results in paralysis and sever atrophy of denervated muscles

occurs is lumbosacral part of spinal cord thus paralyze muscles of lower limb

example of purely motor lesion

109
Q

herpes zoster is caused by what

what herpes zoster is called

what happens after chicken pox

occurs when

what does it cause

it is an example of

A

the same virus that causes chicken pox

shingles

virus lays dormant in dorsal root ganglia

virus re-emerges in peripheral sensory nerves after many years

shooting pain, tingling, eventual loss of sensation in dermatomes innervated by affected dorsal roots

purely sensory lesion

110
Q

herniated disc occurs when

it compresses what

results

it is an example of

A

intervertebral disc can bulge posterolateral

spinal nerve in or near the intervertebral foramen

in pain/weakness in the distribution of affected spinal nerve

mixed motor and sensory lesion

111
Q

what are most peripheral disorders

A

mixed sensory and motor lesion

112
Q

the autonomic ns is what?

A

involuntary

113
Q

the ans regulates

A

visceral function

by innervating smooth muscle, cardiac, secretory glands

114
Q

ans organized in a chain of q

A

2 neurons

115
Q

in ans organization:

the 1st neuron can be found…

the 2nd neuron can be found..

the axons are called respectfully

A

in the cns

autonomic ganglia outside the cns

preganglionic and postganglionic

116
Q

ans is subdivided into

and how do they act

A

sympatheitc ns (sns)

parasympathetic (psns)

in a coordinated fashion to control smooth functioning

117
Q

what is another name for the sns

the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons(not nerve) are located

axons of preganglionic neurons leave what through WHAT and enter WHERE where they travel to WHERE w/ WHAT

axons of postganglionic neurons leave

A

thoracolumbar outflow

in t1-L2 spinal cord segment in lateral horn of grey matter

spinal cord, ventral roots, sympathetic trunk, appropriate level and synapse w/ postganglionic neurons located w/ sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglia

leave the sympathetic trunk to join any of 31 corresponding spinal nerve pairs

118
Q

sympathetic innervation of smooth muscle and glands in WHERE, come from WHERE from WHERE whose axons follow WHAT to reach wWHAT

A

head

postganglionic neurons

superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

internal and external carotid arteries

head

119
Q

what is another name for parasympathetic ns

preganglionic neurons :

are located…

travel…

leave cranial nerves…

leavethe s2-s4….

A
  1. craniosacral outflow)

in brain steam and s2-s4 spinal cord segment

cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 and spinal nerves s2-s4

in cranial nerve via named branches to reach parasympathetic ganglia in the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen’ (He Never Took Apples)

spinal nerve to reach parasympathetic ganglia in the pelvis

120
Q

what is lumbar cistern?

A

csf below conus medullaris

121
Q

what is spinal muscular atrophy?

A
  1. smn protein no there

2. mutation in gene for survival motor neuron protein

122
Q

liver is what?

A

gland

123
Q

sympathetic:

pregangalion follows

A

superior cervical sympathic ganglion

124
Q

sympathetic:

postgangalion follows

A

carotid artery

125
Q

parasympathetic:
cranial nerve

379

10

A

neck, head

thorax, abdomen

126
Q

why is called SUPERIOR cervical sympathetic ganglion?

A

the highest ganglion

exb (17 decks)

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