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lec 10 Flashcards

1
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A
  1. thick body

2. on lateral surface of each vertebral body are facets for the articulation of heads of the ribs

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2
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A
  1. the head of rib 5 articulate w/ a facet on the superior and lateral surface of the body of t5 as well as to a facet on the interior and lateral surface of the body of t4
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3
Q

joint of the head of the rib

A

head of rib 5 articulates w/ a facet on the superior and lateral surface of body t5 and inferior and lateral surface t4

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4
Q

neck of each non-floating rib articulates w/ the transverse process of the corresponding vertebrae where

A

costotransverse joint

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5
Q

costotransverse joint are also synovial plane joints which means

A
  1. thhey are surrounded by synovial fluid and they permit gliding of the articular surfaces of the bones past one another
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6
Q

the synovial joint are the ribs to do and bones to do what

A
  1. allow ribs to elevate and depress w/ each breath

2. gliding of the articular surfaces of the bones past one another

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7
Q

the ribs are articulated with what to help the diaphragm to increase when and decrease when

A
  1. strenum and vertebral col
  2. the thoracic volume during inspiration
  3. the thoracic volume during expiration
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8
Q

sternum

sternum has how many parts and which

A

3

1. manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

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9
Q

the manubrium lies where

A
  1. @ the level of the 3rd and 4th thoracic vertebrae
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10
Q

along the superior margin of the manubrium is what

A

suprasternal or

jugular notch

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11
Q

both clavicle and the 1st rib articulate with what

A

manubrium

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12
Q

the joint b/w the manabrium and the body is called

A

manubriosternal joint

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13
Q

the joint forms what angle?

A

sternal angle

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14
Q

in older people what happen

A

the manubrium joint tends to fuse

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15
Q

the xiphoid process is what

A

cartilage in young people and ossified in older people

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16
Q

rib

  1. how many pairs
  2. the first 7 or 8 are considered what? why?
  3. rib 8(usually), 9, 10 are considered what? why?
  4. rib 11-12 are what ? why?
  5. at the inferior margin of ribs lies what? which helps protect what?
  6. ribs are attached to the sternum at what and/or to each other at what by cartilage called what
A
  1. 12
  2. true ribs because they are span b/w vertebrar and the strenum
  3. false ribs because they are attached to the rib found just superior and not directly to the sternum
  4. floating rib; because they are suspended in abdominal musculature
  5. lies at the costal groove which helps to protect the intercostal nerve and vessel
  6. (Sternocostal joints) , interchondral joints, costal cartilage
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17
Q

the interval b/w each rib contains how many layers of muscles

A

3

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18
Q

the outer layer is whcih acts to do what during inspiration

A
  1. external iintercostal muscle

2. elevate the rib

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19
Q

deep to the external intercostal muscle is what

A
  1. internal intercostal muscle
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20
Q

what is the 3rd layer that is patchy?

A
  1. innermost intercostal muscle
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21
Q

the actions of the internal and innermost intercostal are complex but they act in what and what

A

inspiration

expiration

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22
Q

b/w the internal intercostal muscles layer and the innermost intercostal muscles are what

A

intercostal vein, artery, and veins

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23
Q

intercostal vein, artery, and veins usually run near where

A

the inferior margin of the rib either in or near the costal groove

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24
Q

what is necessary during the treatment of the pneumothorax

A
  1. insert a needle through the intercostal space

2. care must be taken not to damage the intercostal vein, artery and nerve

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25
Q

the diaphragm is a musculotendinous structure which separates what 2 cavities

A
  1. thoracic and abdominal
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26
Q

the diaphragm is attached to what

A

inferior rib and thoracic vertebrae

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27
Q

the diaphragm does what during inspiration

A
  1. it descends which increases the superior-inferior dimensions of thoracic cavity
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28
Q

what is the diaphragm innervates

A

phrenic nerve

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29
Q

the spinal nerve exist the vertrbal col through

A

intervertebral foramina

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30
Q

each spinal nerve divides into

A

dorsal and ventral ramus

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31
Q

the dorsal primarry rami carry what sensory fibers from where

A
  1. afferent sensory fibers

2. the skin and joint of the back and efferent motor fibers of the back

32
Q

in thorax (T1-t11) the ventral primary rami become the while t12 becomes

A
  1. intercostal nerves

2. subcostal nerve

33
Q

the t1-t11 become intercostal nerves that run along the what in the intercostal space

A

1.inferior margin of each rib

34
Q

intercostal nerve supply

A

intercostal muscles

and skin overlying the intercostal space

35
Q

the pattern of cutaneous sensation is supplied by spinal nerve from a single cord level is calle

A

dermatime

36
Q

the thoracic wall is supplied by

A

posterior intercostal arteries and anterior intercostal arteries

37
Q

posterior intercostal arteries are branches of and they follow the

A

aorta

intercostal nerves

38
Q

the anterior intercostal arteries are branches of

A

internal thoracic arteries

39
Q

the internal thoracic arteries run how and anastomose to what

A
  1. laterally

2. posterior intercostal arteries via vessel and capillaries

40
Q

the anterior intercostal arteries supply what

A

breast and muscles and fascia of the anterior thorax

41
Q

the internal thoracic arteries run either side of the what along the inner surface of the thoracic wall

A
  1. strenum
42
Q

they continue into abdominal wall as

A

superior epigastric arteries

43
Q

the superior epigastric arteries are branches of the

A

subclavian arteries

44
Q

the breast
1. in females the mamary glands develops between

  1. there is also a wing-like projection of mamary galnd called
  2. in non-lactating women, the glands themselves and the lactiferous ducts are what
  3. most of the volume of the breast is occupied by what
  4. the suspensory ligament anchors the breast to what
  5. the breast lymphatics drain into what
  6. how can breast can be treated
A
  1. pectoralis major , parts of serratus anterior, and the skin
  2. axillary tail
  3. lacifferous ducts: drains the glands and are small
  4. fat and suspensory ligament
  5. deep fascia
  6. axillary lymph node
  7. lumpectomy ; radial mastectomy: remove breast and lymph node
45
Q

pwhat are the double layers of the membrane that surround the lungs

A
  1. pleural sacs
46
Q

the inner layer enveloping the lungs are the what and the outer layer is the what

A
  1. visceral pleura

2. parental pleura

47
Q

the thin space b/w the pleural membrane iswhat and filed with what

A
  1. pleural cavity

2. filled w/ the layer of pleural fluid

48
Q

due to forces b/w the 2 layers there is what type of pressure

A
  1. negative pressure which creates an outward pull on the lungs that keep them inflated
49
Q

when the air enters the pleural cavity what happens to the lung

A

collapse

50
Q

which pluera is insentsitive to pain

which is heavily innervated

A

visceral pleura

pariental pleura

51
Q

what are the parts overlying the diaphragm and mediastinum

are called and innervated by

A

diapragmatic pleura
mediastinal pleura

branches of the phrenic nerve

52
Q

how are the phrenic nerve formed?

A

from ventral primary ramis c3 - c5

53
Q

what is the parietal pleura underlying your ribs which is innervated by intercostal nerves

A
  1. costal pleura
54
Q

the lungs are the organs of

A

respiration

55
Q

in life, they are light and flexible and will collapse to 1/3 of size if not inflated

A
  1. t
56
Q

in cadaver, lungs are firm and have impression of surr structures especially where

A

mediastinal surface

57
Q

each lung have

A
  1. an apex, base , root, and hilum
58
Q

the root is a bundle of structure that enters and leave which occur at `

A

lung

hilum

59
Q

the left lung is divided into

by obliquye fissure

A

superior and inferior lobe

60
Q

the right lung is usually divided into superior, middle, inferior lobe by

A

horizontal fissure

oblique fissure

61
Q

fissure may be incomplet or partly fused

A

t

62
Q

the left l;ungb also has a distinctive cardiac notvh in

A

anterior margin

63
Q

the apex of the lung is found ______ to superior thoracic aperture

A

superior

64
Q

trauma to the neck can damage what and lead to what

A
  1. pluera and lung

2. direct communication b/w the atmosphere and the pleural cavity

65
Q

the root is a bundle of sstructure entering or leaving the lung from where

A

hilum

66
Q

the roots contain __ and __, connective tissue, nerves, lympatics

A
  1. primary bronchi

2. pulmonary

67
Q

the primary bronchi branch regularly after entering the what and sends what to each lobe

A
  1. hilum

2. secondary bronchus

68
Q

the secondary bronchi turn into what which supply

A
  1. tertiary bronchi

2. which supplies specific regions of the lungs

69
Q

Blood form the right ventricle is pumped through the

A

right and left pulmonary arteries to each lung via the root

70
Q

branches of the pulmonary arteries are closely associated

A
  1. w/ the bronchi
71
Q

pulmonary veins are paired as they l;eave hilum which are called which exit from where and enter

A
  1. superior pulmonary and inferior pulmonary vein
  2. exit each lung
  3. enter left atrium
72
Q

thw right primary bronchus is ____ than the letf

  1. what is the implication
  2. infections and cancer are limited to what at first
  3. what segmentectomy
A

shorter, wider, and more vertical

  1. one bronchopulmonary seg,ent
  2. removing the single segment
73
Q

iinervation of the lungs

1. receives parasympathetic innervation

A

vagus nerve (CN 10)

74
Q

these vagus nerve are

A

motor to smooth muscle of bronchi (bronchoconstrictors)

inhibitory to the muscles of blood vessel walls(vasodilators)

cause the glands of the brinchi to secrete fluid and mucus

75
Q

sympathetic innervation to the lungs

A

inhibits bronchiolar smooth muscle contraction (bronchodilators and secretion of polmunary glands and is moto to polmunary vasculature (vasoconstrictor)

76
Q
  1. lungs is prone to infection
  2. like bronchitis and pneumonia
  3. smoking and air pollution have increase
  4. pulmonary thromboembolism; what happen when artery be blocked; one of the most common pulmonary diseases
A
  1. t
  2. t
  3. lung cancer like carcinoma of bronchus
  4. result of an obstruction blocking pulmonary artery; death can be rapid
  5. asthma: small airway are narrowed by inflammation and bronchoconstriction

exb (17 decks)

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