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exb > lecture 9 > Flashcards

lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

vetebral col:

  1. maj part of what?
  2. form a strong, flexible support for what
  3. important for
  4. how is the stability provided by
A
  1. axial skeleton
  2. trunk
  3. posture, body weight, movement of limbs, and protection of spinal cord and nerve roots
  4. shape and strength of vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligament, and muscles
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2
Q

curvature:

  1. thoracic and sacral regions are concave how
  2. cervical and lumbar regions are concave how
A
  1. anteriorly
  2. posteriorly

s
s

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3
Q

what are abnormal curvatures?

  1. kyphosis:
  2. lordosis:
  3. scoliosis:
A
  1. excessive posterior convex curvature in thoracic
  2. lordosis: excessive lumbar curvature, often due to obesity or pregnancy
  3. excessive lateral curvature, onset most commonly in adolescents
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4
Q

which spine is most prominent especially when the neck is flexed?

A

c7

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5
Q

which spines are visble b/w deep back muscle?

A

thoracic

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6
Q

the iliac crest are at the same level of which vertebra?

A

l4

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7
Q

the sacral hiatus is inferior to the inferior end of what and b/w what

is often the site for what?

A

median sacral crest
sacral cornua

epidural anesthesia

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8
Q

what is another name for epidural?

A

caudal

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9
Q

vertebrae

1. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal #?

A
  1. 7, 12, 5,5,4
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10
Q

vertebrae

What are the typical features of the vertebra?

A
  1. body
  2. arch
  3. pedicles
  4. laminae
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11
Q

what does the arch do?

A
  1. encloses the vertebral foramen
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12
Q

what are pedicles

A
  1. project posteriorly to meet laminae

2. indented tp form vertebral notches which aligns w/ adjacent vertebra to form intervertebral foramina

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13
Q

c1-c7 spinal nerve exist how the corresponding vertebrae

A

above

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14
Q

c8 spinal nerve exist how c7 verebrae

A

below

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15
Q

what are processes and diff. types?

A
  1. extending from arch

2. spinous, transverse, articular processes

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16
Q

what are spinous processes?

A
  1. for attachment of ligaments and muscles
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17
Q

what are transverse process?

A

levers for muscle attachement

18
Q

what are articular processes?

A

superior and inferior articular facets

19
Q

what is spina bifida?

A

a defect in vertebral arch

20
Q

features of regional arch

1. cervical have transverse foramina for what

A
  1. vertebral artery
21
Q

features of regional arch

c1 is called what and has superior facets articulates w/ what

A

atlas; occipital condyles w/ no body

22
Q

features of regional arch

c2 is called what and dens extends how from the body

A
  1. axis

2. superiorly

23
Q

features of regional arch

thoracic have costal facets for articulating w/ what

A

ribs

24
Q

features of regional arch

lumbar have what types of body and process

A

large and thick

25
Q

features of regional arch

sacrum is what?

it transmit body weight to what through sacroiliac crest

how did the median sacral crest formed?

what is the sacral cornua?

what dooes anterior and posterior sacral foramina transmit

what is sacral hiatus

A

5 fused vertebra

pelvic girdle

fused sacral joint

inferior articular process of s5

ventral and dorsal primary rami of sacral spinal nerves

area where lamina over s5 is absent

26
Q

coccyx is what?

A
  1. 4 rudimentary vertebrae
27
Q

what is the intervertebral joint?

A

b/w adjacent bodies and is mainted by anterior longitudinall ligament, posterior logitudinal ligament, supraspinous ligament , and ligamentum flavum

28
Q

What does the anterior logitudinal ligament cover and prevent?

A
  1. covers the bodies and intervertebral discs and prevents hyperextension
29
Q

what does posterior longitudinal ligament?

A
  1. limits hyperflexion and posterior disc protrusion
30
Q

what is ligamentum flavum?

A
  1. strongest ligament
  2. located b/w adjacent laminae
  3. limits separation of the laminae during flexion
  4. assists in extension back to the anatomical position
31
Q

Invertebral disc

  1. anulus fibrosus
  2. nucleus pulposus
A
  1. fibrocartilage layers running obliquely b/w adjacent vertebral bodies
  2. highly elastic central core
32
Q

the intervertebral disc is compressible and resilient

A

t

33
Q

if the disc hernates it protrodes usually in what way?why?

A

posterolaterally because of the strength of the posterior longitudinal ligament

if it protrudes posteriorly, it would compress the spinal cord

34
Q

what is another name for facet joints

A

zygapophyseal joint

35
Q

the facet joints are b/w what which limits what actions and what type of displacement

what disease affects it?

A
  1. b/w inferior articular process of superior vertebrae and superior articular process of inferior vertebra
  2. . flexion, extension, rotation
  3. limits anterior and posterior displacement of adjacent vertebrae
  4. osteoarthtitis
36
Q

atlantooccipital joint

is b/w what

allows what

A
  1. c1 superior articular facet and occipital condyles

2. allows flexion and extension(nodding yes)

37
Q

atlantoaxial joint

allow skull and c1 to rotate as a unit on c2 (shaking no)

rotation b/w what of axis and anterior arch of atlas

dens held in place by what of atlas

rotation and side-to-side head movement limited by strong alar ligaments from where to where

rotation of 45 degrees at atlantoaxial joint and another 45 at the rest of the cervical vertebrae

A

t

dens and anterior arch

transverse ligament of atlas

dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum

38
Q

sacroiliac joint:

  1. what type of joint that suspends what b/w ilia
  2. functions to transmit body weight from sacrum to what and then to what when standing or what when sitting
  3. has what ligament
A
  1. very strong synovial joint suspending the sacrum b/w the ilia
  2. ileum, femur, ischial tuberosities
  3. interosseous sacroiliac ; anterior and posterior sacroiliac
39
Q

back muscles

1. movement of the vertebral col are the result of what?

A

gravity, abcominal muscles and muscles of the back

40
Q

extrinsic muscles are on the back muscles that help to anchor what to the axial skeleton? what are these muscles?

A
  1. upper limb

2. trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid, levator scapula

41
Q

intrinsic muscles
1. most of the body weight is anterior to what and thus strong muscles are attached to do what 2 things

  1. what muscles are the maj muscles
  2. these muscles bend how and extend the back
  3. where is their origin?
  4. what are their attachment?
A
  1. vertebral spines; extend spine and support the weight
  2. erector spinae
  3. laterally
  4. tendons attached to posterior part of the iliac crest, sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments and lumbosacral spines
  5. spines and transverse process of the vertebrae, ribs, and base of the skull
42
Q

movement of vertebral col

  1. flexion
  2. extension
  3. lateral flexion
  4. rotation
A
  1. rectus abdominis, iliopsoas, scalenes, and steenocleidomastoid muscles
  2. erector spinae, after initiation w/ gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles
  3. abdominal obliques, quadratus lumborum and psoas major muscles
  4. erector spinae and deep neck muscles

exb (17 decks)

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