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psyc 325 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Affect?

A

Feelings we experience as part of our everyday lives

Umbrella term for mood, emotions and everything related

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2
Q

What is emotion?

A

How we define the affect we are experiencing
• Have a cause
• Occur instantaneously or short after an event
• Relatively short lived
• Accompanied by facial expression/body language

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3
Q

What is mood?

A

Positive or negative feelings in the background of our everyday activities

Harder than emotions to establish a cause (can occur long after the triggering event)

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4
Q

How do we express our emotions?

A
  • Social behaviour
  • Facial expressions
  • Touch, voice
  • Art, poetry, music
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5
Q

Which of the SNS or the PNS accompanies strong emotions and why?

A

SNS - activation is perceived as arousal

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6
Q

What is the most important part of the limbic system in the regulation of emotions?

A

The amygdala (responsible for our regulation and our perceptions of aggression and fear)

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7
Q

What is the limbic system composed of?

A

hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala and pituitary gland

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8
Q

What is the pattern from stimulus to emotion according to the common sense theory?

A

Stimulus > emotion > physiological response

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9
Q

What is the pattern from stimulus to emotion according to James Lange’s theory?

A

Stimulus > physiological response > emotion

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10
Q

What is the pattern from stimulus to emotion according to Cannon Bard’s theory?

A

Stimulus > physiological responses AND emotions (simultaneously)

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11
Q

What is the pattern from stimulus to emotion according to Schacter-Signer’s Two Factor theory?

A

Stimulus > physiological arousal > cognition (Searching for the cause of arousal) > emotion

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12
Q

What is the pattern from stimulus to emotion according to Lazarus’ Cognitive Mediational Theory?

A

Stimulus > appraisal (automatic, unconscious, mediates the emotional response) > cognition > physiological response AND emotion

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13
Q

Who believed that emotions are universal?

A

Darwin

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14
Q

What is encoding emotions?

A

express/emit nonverbal behaviour

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15
Q

What is decoding emotions?

A

Interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behaviour expressed by others

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16
Q

What are basic emotions?

A

Based primarily on the arousal produced by the SNS: Do not require a lot of cognitive processing

17
Q

Examples of basic emotions

A

Anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

18
Q

What are secondary emotions?

A

Provide us with more complex feelings

More cognitively based

19
Q

Examples of secondary emotions

A

Guilt, shame, embarrassment

20
Q

What are display rules?

A

culturally determined rules about which behaviours are appropriate to display

21
Q

What are the differences in display rules in individualistic VS collectivistic cultures?

A
  • Individualistic cultures tend to show self-enhancing emotions (pride/anger)
  • Collectivistic cultures may find this inappropriate and show other-oriented emotions (friendliness/shame)
22
Q

What are the main differences in gender and emotional responses?

A

Women are more open to feelings overall, more likely to express their emotions in public, more able to identify emotions in others

23
Q

What information can our mood provide about our social world?

A
  • Indicators of our current situation
  • Influencers of cognition and behaviour
  • Indicators of current well-being
24
Q

What are emotions composed of?

A

Emotion = arousal + cognition

25
Q

What is misattributing arousal?

A

Happens when people incorrectly label the source of their arousal

26
Q

What is stress?

A

Physical and psychological reactions that occur whenever we believe that the demands of a situation threaten our ability to respond to the threat

27
Q

What is PTSD?

A

Medical syndrome that includes symptoms of anxiety, sleeplessness, nightmares and social withdrawal

28
Q

What is the HPA Axis?

A

Physiological response to stress involving an interaction between the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands
Leads to the secretion of cortisol (stress hormone)

29
Q

What is the general adaptation syndrome?

A

Response to long term stress exposure

30
Q

What are the 3 phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

A
  • Phase 1: alarm state (1st reaction to stressor): fight or flight response is activated, body releases hormones
    • Phase 2: resistance phase (cope with the stressor) depends on our ability and on the intensity of the stressor (not a natural stress from any organisms)
    • Phase 3: exhaustion (reserves depleted) our immune system becomes lower and therefore make us more vulnerable (illness or death occurs)
31
Q

What are daily hassles?

A

(everyday stressors) everyday interactions with the environment that are essentially negative
Those who react strongly to daily hassles are more likely to develop stress-related illnesses (ex: study in married couples and men who got more chances of developing heart illness)

32
Q

What are the general tendencies of response to stress in men?

A

• In general, for men: Fight or flight, HPA Axis, problem solving (self-concern)

33
Q

What are the general tendencies of response to stress in women?

A

• In general, for women: Tend and Befriend, oxytocin, affiliation (other-concern)

34
Q

What is depression?

A

affective disorder in which people experience sadness, low self-esteem, negative thoughts, pessimism, and apathy

35
Q

What is anxiety?

A

psychological disorder that may be accompanied by unpleasant feelings of fear and apprehension and a number of physical symptoms

36
Q

What is the circle (loophole) that people suffering from depression and anxiety often go through regarding their social situations?

A

Negative emotions > negative behaviours (avoiding others) > others avoid you, (negative experiences) > negative cognitions (I do not have friends)

37
Q

What does NOT work for coping with negative emotions?

A

distortion and suppression of negative outcomes

38
Q

What works for coping with negative outcomes?

A

appropriate optimism, self-regulation, self-efficacy, social support, knowing what makes you happy

39
Q

What is well-being?

A

Sense of satisfaction with our everyday experience

psyc 325 (12 decks)

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