Chapter 13

Question 1

Define cooperation

Answer 1

Behaviour that occurs when we trust the people or groups with whom we are interacting and are willing to communicate and share with others

Question 2

Define competition

Answer 2

we attempt to gain as many of the limited rewards as possible for ourselves, and at the same time we may work to reduce the likelihood of success for the other parties

Question 3

Define conflict

Answer 3

parties involved engage in violence and hostility

Question 4

Define a realistic group conflict

Answer 4

when groups are in competition for objectively scarce resources, such as when 2 sports team want to win the game; the outcome is fixed sum and the goals of the 2 teams are incompatible

Question 5

Name the 2 types of possible outcomes and explain them

Answer 5

Fixed-sum outcomes: a gain for one side necessarily means a loss for the other side or sides

Integrative outcomes: a solution can be found that benefits all the parties. This can be compromising, sacrificing something that means less to you in favor of something that is more meaningful

Question 6

Define morality beliefs

Answer 6

set of social norms that describe the principles and ideals, as well as the duties and obligations, that we view as appropriate and that we use to judge the actions of others and to guide our own behaviour

Question 7

Name and define the 2 types of morality

Answer 7

• Social conventional morality (seen as appropriate within the culture by does not have to do with being good or doing good; relative rules to each culture about how to behave)
  
  • Harm-based morality: stating that hurting others is wrong (all cultures/religions/etc have a version of this)

Question 8

Define social fairness norm

Answer 8

beliefs about how people should be treated fairly

Question 9

Define distributive fairness

Answer 9

our judgements about whether or not a party is receiving a fair share of the available rewards

Question 10

Define procedural fiarness

Answer 10

beliefs about the fairness (or unfairness) of the procedures used to distribute available resources/rewards among parties

Question 11

Define false consciousness (reaction to unfairness)

Answer 11

the acceptance of one’s own low status as part of the proper and normal functioning of society

Question 12

Define system justification (reaction to unfairness)

Answer 12

people are motivated to defend and legitimize the social systems that affect them

Question 13

Define social creativity (reaction to unfairness)

Answer 13

the use of strategies that allow members of low-status groups to perceive their group as better than other groups, at least on some dimensions, which allows them to gain some positive social identity

Question 14

Define collective action (reaction to unfairness)

Answer 14

the attempts on the part of one group to change the social status hierarchy by improving the status of their own group relative to others

Question 15

Define blaming the victim (reaction to unfairness)

Answer 15

when our vision of a just world is threatened, we feel the need to replace that vision by blaming the victim for whatever happened to them

Question 16

Define social dilemma

Answer 16

A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone

Question 17

Name the 3 characteristics of a social dilemma

Answer 17

1. A noncooperative choice is always more profitable to the individual than a cooperative choice
   
   2. A noncooperatice choice is always harmful to others compared to a cooperative choice
   3. The aggregate amount of harm done to others by a noncooperative choice is greater than the profit to the individual

Question 18

Define what is a harvesting dilemma (what’s another name that it has?)

Answer 18

people overuse an existing public good
• Ex of harvesting dilemma: taking own car VS public transport to go to work; short-term reward is preferred over the long-term benefits of saving the environment

Question 19

Define what is a contributions dilemma

Answer 19

the short term costs of a behaviour lead individuals to avoid performing it

Question 20

Is the prisonner’s dilemma a fixed-sum or integrative outcome?

Answer 20

Integrative (both parties can win)

Question 21

Players (of prisoner’s dilemma game) will be more cooperative if they are:
(name 2 situations)

Answer 21

• Playing against a friend

* Expecting to interact with their partner in the future

Question 22

Define the dual-concern model

Answer 22

Suggests that variations of one’s concern in their own outcomes and of others’ outcomes result in 4 different personality types, and the outcome of games such as prisoner’s dilemma will be impacted by those personality types

Question 23

Name/define the 4 personality types of the dual-concern model

Answer 23

• Problem solving: find a solution that can benefit everyone
  
  • Yielding: more cooperative choices
  • Contending: withhold contributions (not gonna cooperate, more self-serving)
  • Inactivity: they don’t really care

Question 24

Explain gender differences in cooperation and competition

Answer 24

• Women are less likely to bargain for personal gain

* Women negotiate more when they are doing it for the benefit of others

Question 25

Explain the tit-for-tat strategy

Answer 25

A means of encouraging cooperation by:
• First acting cooperatively, and then
• Responding the way your opponent did on the previous turn

Question 26

What is the difference in the perception of cooperators and freeloaders?

Answer 26

• Cooperators are more positively evaluated by group members than freeloaders
  
  • Rewarding cooperators is perceived more positively than punishing freeloaders

Question 27

How does using threats to solve a conflict work? What is an example of this?

Answer 27

When caught in a conflict, many are tempted to use threats
Threats are not effective to reduce conflict
Ex: the trucker game

Question 28

Explain the trucker game

Answer 28

Players in charge of trucking companies
Goal: truck merchandise ASAP to each location
Shortest route possible is the most profitable$
Only one truck can travel at a time on short route
Each can take an alternate route but less profitable
Threat: gate
Forces the other companies to back up
Scenarios: no gat, gate controlled by 1 company, or 2 gates, 1 for each company
When communication was allowed, more cooperation was observed

Question 29

Define negotiation

Answer 29

A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict, in which:
• Offers and counter offers are made
• A solution occurs only when both parties agree
• The goal is to resolve a social conflict

Question 30

Define integrative solution

Answer 30

A solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests
Each side concedes the most on issues that are unimportant to it, but important to the other side