Chapter 12

Question 1

Define the ABC’s of stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination

Answer 1

Affect: Prejudice and in-group favoritism
Behaviour: Discrimination
Cognition: Stereotyping

Question 2

Define prejudice

Answer 2

unjustifiable negative attitude towards an out-group or towards the members of this group based solely on the fact that they are members of that group
• It’s an attitude - emotional
• Makes a prejudiced person hard to argue with

Question 3

Name some examples of prejudice

Answer 3

• Racism
  
  • Sexism
  • Ageism
  • Classism
  • Homophobia
  • Nationalism
  • Religious prejudice
  • Xenophobia

Question 4

Name the 2 ways of detecting hidden prejudice

Answer 4

Bogus pipeline

IAT

Question 5

Define the bogus pipeline

Answer 5

makes the participant believe that we have + info on them that what we really do; therefore they do not lie

Question 6

Define the IAT

Answer 6

(implicit association test) (sometimes people will hide the prejudice from themselves, will not consciously lie to hide it)

Question 7

How are prejudice beneficial for the ingroup

Answer 7

Prejudice support the in-group’s feeling of superiority

Will claim that their actions are legit because the minority is so obviously inferior and incompetent

Question 8

Define discrimination

Answer 8

unjustified negative behaviours toward members of out-groups based on their group membership

Question 9

Define institutionalized discrimination

Answer 9

• Adverse treatment of minority groups due to the rules that regulate behaviour (including rules set and enforced by firms, schools, govt, markets and society

Question 10

Define systemic racism

Answer 10

systems/institutions that produce racially disparate outcomes

Question 11

Define micro aggressions

Answer 11

the “slights, indignities, and put-downs” that many minorities routinely encounter

Question 12

Define stereotype

Answer 12

the positive or negative beliefs that we hold about characteristics of social group

Question 13

Define stereotype threat

Answer 13

performance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes

Question 14

Name the 2 ways in which stereotypes are activated

Answer 14

Automatic and controlled processes

Question 15

Define automatic process of stereotype activation

Answer 15

trigger stereotypes under certain conditions and without control

Question 16

Define controlled process of stereotype activation

Answer 16

a conscious decision to suppress the stereotypes

Question 17

Define hostile sexism

Answer 17

• Hold negative stereotypes
  
  • Women are inferior to men because they are inherently less intelligent, less competent, less brave, less capable or math and science
  • Men are predators, heartless, domineering

Question 18

Define benevolent sexism

Answer 18

• Hold positive stereotypes
  
  • Women are kinder than men, more empathic, more nurturing, and so on
  • Men are stronger than women, more assertive, leaders

Question 19

Explain the experiment with monkeys and toys - and its conclusions

Answer 19

• Male monkeys are significantly more interested in male toys, an vice-versa
  
  • Even though there are no gender stereotypes in monkeys

Question 20

Explain how stereotypes are preserved

Answer 20

• Schemas serve a purpose and its easier to keep using them
  
  • Exposed to stereotypes often on TV, in movies, and on social media
  • Our friends hold beliefs similar to us
  • Highly cognitively accessible, so they seem accurate
  • Stereotypes easily influence our judgments and response to those we have categorized

Question 21

Define social identity

Answer 21

the positive self-esteem that we get from out group memberships

Question 22

Define social categorization

Answer 22

we make sense of our social world by putting people into groups according to their characteristics (ex: gender, ethnicity)

Question 23

Define ethnocentrism

Answer 23

the belief that your own culture, nation or religion is superior to all others

Question 24

How does ethnocentrism aids in survival

Answer 24

• Aids in survival: having those we are interdependent with close to us
  
  • Increases attachment to the group - increases willingness to work for the group

Question 25

Define ingroup favoritism

Answer 25

tendency to respond more positively to people from our ingroups than we do to people from out outgroups

Question 26

Name some reasons for ingroup favoritism

Answer 26

• Easy to believe that “we are better than they are”
  
  • We belong to the ingroup and not the out group
  • We may also prefer in-groups and not the out group
  • We may also prefer in-groups because they are more familiar to us
  • Because it is so tied to our self-concept, we defend the group as though we are defending ourselves
  • Self-enhancement - we want to feel good about ourselves

Question 27

When are we most liklely to show ingroup favoritism

Answer 27

• We are more likely to show ingroup favoritism when we feel threatened or worried about our self-concept

Question 28

Explain when ingroup favoritism might not occur

Answer 28

We might feel less committed to the group if they are clearly inferior to other groups
• It may also occur when a member of one’s group threatens the group’s image

Question 29

Define the black sheep effect

Answer 29

strong devaluation of ingroup members who threaten the positive image and identity of the ingroup

Question 30

What does a high score on the collective self-esteem scale mean?

Answer 30

• High on scale = higher in-group favoritism

Question 31

Define authoritarianism

Answer 31

characterizes people who prefer things to be simple rather than complex and who tend to hold traditional and conventional values
• People with strong other-concern show less ingroup favoritism and less prejudice
• Fairness and acceptance of others

Question 32

Define social dominance orientation (SDO)

Answer 32

refers to the tendency to see and accept inequality among different groups
• Score high - believe that there should be status differences among social groups
• Low on SDO - believe that all groups are equal in status

Question 33

Explain the tendency of collectivistic cultures in terms of ingroup favoritism

Answer 33

• Collectivistic cultures put ore focus on the group and tend to show more ingroup favoritism and more outgroup prejudice
  
  • More likely to infer personality traits on the basis of group membership - stereotype

Question 34

Define outgroup homogeneity and name 2 reasons why it happens

Answer 34

When we see everyone in the outgroup as being more similar than they really are
Why?
• Don’t have as much contact with outgroup
• Quality of interaction with outgroup members is often more superficial

Question 35

Define the ultimate attribution error. To which bias is it correlated?

Answer 35

trait attributions in ways that benefit ingroups, make trait attributions that benefit themselves (same as fundamental attribution error)

Question 36

How can mood influence the prejudice you have towards someone?

Answer 36

• Your perception of how you are going to feel influences the prejudice towards that group (Ex: UGH I know that this person will annoy me)

Question 37

Name 3 ways to reduce the stereotype threat

Answer 37

• Reminding students of their abilities before a test
  
  • Reminding people that their abilities are not fixed, but improvable
  • Having people engage in self-affirmation before starting a task

Question 38

Name an experiment that demonstrates how limited resources can lead to conflict, and how this conflict can be resolved

Answer 38

• “Robber’s Cave Experiment”
  
  • Hypothesis: discrimination arise between groups when they compete against each other for scarce resources
  • Step 1: bonding within the groups
  • Step 2: competition between the groups - prizes for the winners
  • Boys in a summer camp made to compete against each other: prize for winners and nothing for losers
  • Set up “us VS them” mentality
    
    • One group became confident in their success and developed a toughness spirit
    • Physical aggression started occurring
  • Stage 3: reducing friction period
    
    • Asked to rate the other group: profound hate, and love for their own group
    • Asked to do tasks that all involved cooperation - stopped being enemies

Question 39

Define superordinate categorization

Answer 39

goal of creating a common ingroup identity
Interdependence and cooperation -> common ingroup identity -> favorable intergroup attitudes
Having purposeful contact is what brought them together

Question 40

What are normative rules?

Answer 40

Pressures to conform

• The strong tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group’s expectations and gain acceptance

Question 41

Define the contact hypothesis and explain an example of it in schools settings

Answer 41

bringing members of different groups together may reduce prejudice providing certain conditions are met - exposure
• The US schools were desegregated in 1954
• Increasing contact between white and black children would en prejudice
• Where contact can go wrong? - many students still faced discrimination
• Somewhat helped

Question 42

What are the effects of intergroup contact?

Answer 42

• Increases other-concern
  
  • Increases empathy towards outgroup members
  • Students who joined exclusive campus groups were more prejudices to begin with and became even more intolerant of members of other social groups

Question 43

Define the 6 possible interventions for reducing prejuice and discrimination

Answer 43

1. There is mutual interdependence between the groups
   
   2. There is a common goal: generates awareness of their shared interests
   3. Both groups have equal status: if status is unequal, then interactions will be shaped by that status difference
   4. It is a friendly, informal setting: promote each group’s understanding and knowledge of the other group
   5. There is contact with multiple members: the individual learns that the out group members are typical of their group
   6. There are social norms that promote equality

Question 44

Explainthe idea of the jigsaw classroom

Answer 44

• Designed to reduce prejudice and to raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups
  
  • Making children interdependent to learn the course material, and do well in the class
  • Breaks down in group VS outgroup perception
  • Works pretty well to develop tolerance and empathy

Question 45

Define the extended contact hypothesis

Answer 45

the idea that prejudice can be reduced for people who have friends who are friends with members of the outgroup