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Anatomy > GI mouth and esophagus > Flashcards

GI mouth and esophagus Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the alimentary canal?

A

ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation

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2
Q

gums

A

hold the teeth and cheek which necessary for mechanically grinding food down

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3
Q

upper and lower lips

A

close the oral cavity

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4
Q

frenulum (superior and inferior)

A

attaches lips to gums and prevents them from excessively moving away

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5
Q

hard palate

A

bony structure which is part of maxilla

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6
Q

soft palate

A

portion with muscles running through it and can be raised to close off nasopharynx

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7
Q

Uvula

A

helps close off nasopharynx, has huge density of irritant receptors to evoke gag reflex

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8
Q

tongue

A

constantly keep food up on the teeth so they can grind + mash it, involved in swallowing by pushing the bolus towards back of mouth

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9
Q

lingual frenulum

A

restricts movement of the tongue

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10
Q

what are the 5 primary tastes?

A

sweet, bitter, salty, sour, umami

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11
Q

vallate papillae

A

largest taste buds with 12 forming “V” at back of tongue each containing 100-300 taste buds

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12
Q

fungiform papillae

A

scattered over tongue each containing 5 taste buds

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13
Q

foliate papillae

A

in lateral margins of tongue; degenerate in childhood

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14
Q

filiform papillae

A

for tactile sensations and friction

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15
Q

gustatory receptor cells

A

sensory cells in the taste bud that transduce the chemical stimuli of gustation

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16
Q

what are the cranial nerves involved in gustation?

A

facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

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17
Q

facial nerve in gustation

A

anterior two thirds of tongue providing parasympathetic motor output to submandibular glands

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18
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve in gustation

A

posterior one third of tongue

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19
Q

vagus nerve in gustation

A

responsible for the throat and epiglottis

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20
Q

what is the trigeminal nerve’s role in gustation?

A

conveys tactile sensations for anterior two-thirds of tongue

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21
Q

gustatory pathway

A

sensations from cranial nerves to brainstem to thalamus to primary gustatory area

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22
Q

what does olfactory epithelium contain?

A

receptor cells, basal cells (neuronal stem cells), support cells

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23
Q

what do olfactory glands produce?

A

mucus

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24
Q

how does neural transduction of smell occur?

A

through odorant molecules that are dissolved in nasal mucus

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25
Q

insular cortex

A

where conscious perception of smell occurs (does not synapse in thalamus)

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26
Q

olfactory pathway

A
  • molecules inhaled into nasal passages
  • contact olfactory nerves in olfactory epithelium
  • receptor cells activated
  • signal is sent to olfactory bulb
  • signals relayed to higher regions of brain via olfactory tract
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27
Q

what types of dentitions do humans have?

A

deciduous and permanent

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28
Q

how many incisors do adults have?

A

4 each on top and bottom; for cutting

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29
Q

how many canines do adults have?

A

2 each on top and bottom; for tearing

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30
Q

how many premolars do adults have?

A

4 each on top and bottom; for crushing

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31
Q

how many molars do adults have?

A

6 each on top and bottom; for grinding

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32
Q

enamel

A

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

33
Q

dentin

A

dense tissue underneath enamel forming the bulk of a tooth

34
Q

pulp

A

living portion within a tooth contain a neurovascular bundle

35
Q

what nerve conveys tooth sensations?

A

CN V (trigeminal nerve); maxillary and mandibular branches

36
Q

what does mastication require?

A

teeth tongue and cheek, saliva, muscles of mastication

37
Q

what are the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

longitudinal, transverse and vertical muscles

38
Q

longitudinal muscles and how many sets?

A

2 sets (one on top, one on bottom) that shorten and retract the tongue

39
Q

transverse muscles and how many sets?

A

2 sets of muscles causing the tongue to get skinnier

40
Q

vertical muscles and how many sets?

A

1 set of muscles that help flatten the tongue when they contract (thinner)

41
Q

what nerve innervates the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

CN XII

42
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

styloglossus, hyoglossus and geniglossus; all of which attach the the base of the tongue at back of oral cavity

43
Q

styloglossus

A

raises tongue at back of oral cavity to force bolus into pharynx

44
Q

hyoglossus

A

depresses tongue into base of floor of mouth

45
Q

genioglossus

A

allows you to stick tongue out (protrude)

46
Q

what are the muscles of mastication?

A

temporalis and masseter; having an action on the mandible

47
Q

what nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

CN V - Trigeminal

48
Q

temporalis

A

elevates mandible

49
Q

masseter

A

“talking and chewing muscle”; attaches from maxilla all the way down to mandible

50
Q

what are the muscles of facial expression?

A

buccinator and orbicularis oris; having an action on the cheek and mouth

51
Q

buccinator

A

contributes to cheek movement; “chipmunk” cheeks or blowing up a balloon

52
Q

orbicularis oris

A

circle around mouth acting like a sphincter; puckers lips, allow you to suck from straw, closes oral cavity

53
Q

what nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

CN VII

54
Q

vascular supply for mastication

A

mainly from external carotid arteries; facial, maxillary and superficial temporal artery - veins are named in a similar fashion

55
Q

what are the major salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

56
Q

what is the composition of saliva?

A

water, amylase, mucin, lysosome, IgA, defensins, electrolytes

57
Q

parasympathetic saliva (CN VII and IX)

A

watery, enzyme-rich saliva

58
Q

sympathetic saliva

A

thick, mucin-rich saliva

59
Q

parotid gland saliva

A

serous w/ amylase

60
Q

submandibular saliva

A

mostly serous w/ amylase

61
Q

sublingual saliva

A

mostly mucous w/ lipase

62
Q

stages of deglutition

A

voluntary, pharyngeal and esophageal

63
Q

voluntary stage

A

oral cavity and tongue force bolus towards oropharynx

64
Q

pharyngeal stage

A

deglutition reflex initiated by oropharynx stretch (initiates pattern generator), closing off of nasal cavity and trachea, relaxation of upper esophageal sphincter, soft palate + uvula rise to protect upper airway, raising of epiglottis and larynx to close tracheal opening

65
Q

esophageal stage

A

involuntary passage through esophagus to stomach (peristalsis; proximal 1/3 skeletal and distal 1/3 smooth m.)

66
Q

where are the 2 kinks in the esophagus located?

A

at the bifurcation of the trachea and in passing behind the left atrium

67
Q

where is the esophageal hiatus?

A

in skeletal muscle of diaphragm

68
Q

esophagus layers

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and adventitia

69
Q

mucosa

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, vascular and nerve supply

70
Q

submucosa

A

CT gluing mucosa down to underlying layers

71
Q

muscularis

A

2 layers; inner circular (sphincter-like contraction) and outer longitudinal (shorten tube length) to cause peristaltic wave

72
Q

adventitia

A

adventitia

CT glued to surrounding structures to prevent movement

73
Q

what is the function of the esophagus?

A

transport food from mouth to stomach

74
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

relaxes in presence of bolus, mostly always closed due to HCl in stomach

75
Q

hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm

76
Q

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

A

heartburn presents as sub-sternal chest pain

77
Q

what aggravates GERD?

A

smoking + alcohol (LES relaxation), coffee, chocolate, peppermint and stress (cortisol prod. increases HCl), obesity and pregnancy (anatomical alteration)

78
Q

how can GERD be treated?

A

smaller meals, maintaining upright position after a meal, avoiding problematic foods and antacids

Anatomy (14 decks)

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