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Anatomy > GI- intestines > Flashcards

GI- intestines Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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2
Q

what are the 4 regions of the large intestine?

A

caecum, colon, rectum and anal canal

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3
Q

intestinal blood supply

A

inferior and superior mesenteric arteries w/ many anastomoses

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4
Q

venous drainage of the intestines

A

superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric to splenic vein; all eventually draining into hepatic portal vein

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5
Q

what does the superior mesenteric artery drain?

A

the small intestine and proximal 2 thirds of the large intestine

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6
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric artery drain?

A

distal 1/3 of the large intestine

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7
Q

what are the alterations in the small intestine?

A

plicae circularis, villi, microvilli

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8
Q

plicae circularis

A

intense foldings of the mucosa to increase SA for absorption and digestion

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9
Q

villi

A
  • small fingerlike projections on the mucosal surface of the small intestines that increase surface area
  • has a blood supply for nutrient exchange and transport
  • has a lacteal
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10
Q

lacteal

A

modified lymphatic vessel in villi allowing nutrient absorption (large molecules); GI tract lymphatic fluid dumps into the left subclavian vein

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11
Q

microvilli (brush border)

A
  • projections that increase the surface area of apical surface area of absorptive cells
  • contain enzymes for carbohydrate and protein digestion
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12
Q

duodenum features

A
  • most dense pilcae circularies (lots of enzyme secretion)
  • major sote of Ca2+ and Fe absorption
  • Brenner’s gland and hepatopancreatic ampulla
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13
Q

Brunner’s gland

A

secretes bicarb. rich mucous to protect duodenum from acidic chyme

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14
Q

hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

receive liver and pancreatic duct secretions rich in bicarbonate

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15
Q

jejunum features

A
  • 40% length of small intestine

- mostly absorbs glucose, a.a.’s and water

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16
Q

ileum features

A
  • lumen shrinks in size as nutrients are being absorbed
  • plicae circularis taper out
  • abundant lymphoid nodules (MALT) - Payer’s patches in submucosa
  • vitamin B12 absorbed here
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17
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

long reflex from stomach that jumps to distal portion; peristalsis to clear out residual matter into large intestine and keep bacterial count down

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18
Q

ileocaecal valve

A

sphincter muscle situated at the junction of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine; inefficient and requires immune complex

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19
Q

cephalic and gastric phase (intestinal digestion)

A
  • vagal nerve stimulation causing release of pancreatic juice
  • neural; parasympathetic nervous system stimulation
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20
Q

what happens when chyme enters the duodenum?

A

enteroendocrine cells release secretin and CCK to enter the bloodstream

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21
Q

upon reaching the pancreas, secretin and CCK secrete:

A

bicarb. rich juice and enzyme rich juice, respectively

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22
Q

patterns of intestinal contraction

A

fed and fasting patterns

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23
Q

fed pattern

A

during feeding, irregular contractions mix contents w/ digestive juices (segmentation)

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24
Q

fasting pattern

A

migrating motor complex (peristalsis) begins at duodenum and propels residual material into colon

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25
Q

pancreatic proteases

A
  • secreted as inactive enzymes to protect pancreas from autodigestion (‘pro’ or ‘gen’)
  • trypsin is key to activating these proteases
  • trypsinogen is activated by membrane-bound enteropeptidase (brush border enzyme)
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26
Q

steps of fat digestion

A
  • fat globules emulsified by bile salts
  • lipases break fat down into monoglycerides and FFAs and associate w/ bile salts to form micelles
  • they then recombine and package w/ protein (chylomicron)
  • undergo exocytosis to lacteals which are carried away by left thoracic duct to liver for processing
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27
Q

in what ways may nutrients be absorbed in the small intestine?

A

active transport, secondary transport (using one nutrient’s chemical gradient to pull another nutrient in), facilitated diffusion, diffusion

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28
Q

how are fat soluble vitamins absorbed and what are they?

A

vitamins A, D, E, K absorbed by micelles

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29
Q

how are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

diffusion

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30
Q

how is glucose absorbed?

A

secondary active transport using Na+ [ ] gradient (2Na+/glucose); if glucose is high inside cell, goes to bloodstream to be processed by liver

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31
Q

how are amino acids absorbed?

A

secondary active transport w/ Na+ and simple diffusion on basolateral membrane; can also go to bloodstream

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32
Q

how are essential amino acids absorbed?

A

primary active transport (ATP)

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33
Q

how are short chain FAs absorbed?

A

simple diffusion across apical membrane

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34
Q

how are glycerol or long chain FAs absorbed?

A

first combine w/ bile salts to make micelles (active transport); repackage w/ chylomicrons to enter lacteals

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35
Q

water & electrolyte balance

A

intestines are responsible for fluid balance where lectrolytes are absorbed/reabsorbed in small and large intestine

  • water via osmotic gradient
  • Ca2+ and Fe2+ absorbed in duodenum, glucose and a.a. absorption are coupled w/ Na+ absorption
  • lots of bicarb. ions reabsorbed in large intestines
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36
Q

what are alterations in the large intestines?

A

smoother mucosa, teniae coli, thinner circular muscle and haustra

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37
Q

teniae coli

A

three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis

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38
Q

haustra

A

pouches that form in the large intestine when the longitudinal muscles are shorter than the colon; contractions are every 30 min

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39
Q

histology of the large intestine

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa; intestinal glands are covered by mucous cells that lubricate to ease passage of feces

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40
Q

colonic movement

A

slow (3-12/min) and contractions aid water reabsorption

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41
Q

gastrocolic reflex

A

increased peristalsis of the colon after food has entered the stomach

42
Q

role of bacteria in the colon

A

aid digestion of complex starches and sugars present in dietary fiber, as well as synthesizinf vitamin K and some B vitamines

43
Q

rectum and anal canal

A

20 and 2 cm respectively, anal columns have highly vascular longitudinal folds (dilation of vascular sinusoids = hemorrhoids), have voluntary and involuntary sphincters

44
Q

defecation reflex

A
  1. gastrocolic reflex stretches rectal wall to send afferent signal to spinal cord
  2. parasympathetic reflex initiated at sacral level contract rectal wall, relax internal anal sphincter
  3. defecation occurs by relaxing external anal sphincter (stretch info. from sigmoid colon shared in cortex - voluntary control)
45
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A
  • chewing within oral cavity
46
Q

Chemical Digestion

A
  • by enzymes or low pH
47
Q

Where does chemical digestion begin?

A

begins in mouth with salivary amylase and continues in the stomach with HCL, pepsin and gastric lipase

48
Q

Function of pepsin

A

breaks down proteins

49
Q

function of gastric lipase

A

breaks down fats

50
Q

Absorption

A
  • absorbing nutrients of food stuff
51
Q

Where does absorption occur?

A

entire length of small intestine and some of large intestine

52
Q

Where can absorption go?

A

into blood stream (water soluble) or lymphatics (immune vessels)

53
Q

Propulsion

A

occurs during entire length of the tube

- swallowing or deglutition

54
Q

Where does peristalsis begin?

A

in esophagus and goes throughout the tube

55
Q

How do blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves travel to and from the majority of the small intestine?

A

by the mesentery

56
Q

What do immune cells use to travel down lymph nodes?

A

lacteal

57
Q

Absorptive cell

A

most abundant within the villi

58
Q

Goblet cell

A

secrete mucus the entire length of the tube

  • help protect stomach lining from burning from acid
  • helps lubricate or ease passage of food
59
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

release hormones and are at the base of the villi

60
Q

Paneth cell

A

specialized epithelial cells that talk to immune cells

- constantly sample stuff to see if immune response needs to be activated

61
Q

Where is the major site of Ca and Fe absorption?

A

duodenum; only place this is done

62
Q

What does duodenum mean?

A

means ‘12’- shortest

63
Q

Where does brunners gland exist?

A

only within the first 10cm of 25cm of duodenum

64
Q

Why do we not require brunners gland after 10cm?

A

accessory organs provide mucus

65
Q

What does jujunum mean?

A

means empty; no residual matter here when people die

66
Q

T: F- Pilicae circulares is not as dense as duodenum

A

true

67
Q

What does ileum mean?

A

twisted

68
Q

How much does the ileum occupy?

A

60% of small intestine (2m)

69
Q

Function of Ileum

A
  • absorbs fats
  • most nutrients and vit b12 are absorbed here
  • separates small and large intestine
  • gastroileal reflex (pushing of food to large intestine)
  • contains lymph nodules
70
Q

CCK will

A

talk to talk to pancreas and liver tell them to release their enzymes to continue chemical digestion

  • liver= bile to emulsify fats
  • pancreas= plethora of enzymes
71
Q

What detects the presence of food in the duodenum?

A

enteroendocrine cells because food is slightly acidic which will release CCK and secretin

72
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • sugar breakdown begins with enzymes released from parotid gland
  • amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase
73
Q

Proteins

A
  • broken down by peptidases
  • stomach releases pepsin
  • pancrease release trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
74
Q

Fats

A
  • difficult to digest so they require bile salts
75
Q

What are bile salts?

A

amphipathic molecules that help pull on the edges of fat globule and turn it into little droplets

76
Q

Where do lipases come from?

A

Lingual (tongue), gastric (stomach), pancreatic (pancreas)

77
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • nuclease, deoxy/ribonucleases to recycle nucleic acids
78
Q

Where and how are enzymes release?

A

by pancreas found at brush border

79
Q

What makes trypsin active?

A

enteropeptidase makes trypsinogen into trypsin

80
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E K- absorbed via micelles

81
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

C, by diffusion

82
Q

Where are electrolytes absorbed and reabsorbed?

A

small intestine mostly with some large intestine

83
Q

Where are Ca and Fe absorbed?

A

duodenum

84
Q

Diarreha

A

not enough time in large intestine to absorb water and bicarb; less buffer

85
Q

Constipation

A

fecal matter has too much time in large intestine; absorb too much bicarb and water and too much base in blood

86
Q

Bristol- Separate hard lumps

A

very constipated

87
Q

Bristol- lumpy and sausage like

A

slightly constipated

88
Q

Bristol- sausage shape with cracks in surface and smooth, sausage like

A

normal

89
Q

Bristol- soft blobs with clear cut edges

A

lacking fibre

90
Q

Bristol- mushy consistency with ragged edges

A

inflammation

91
Q

Bristol- liquid consistency with no solid pieces

A

inflammation

92
Q

Where does large intestine begin?

A

ileocecal valve

93
Q

Appendix

A
  • important for ruminant animals that eat a lot of grass and cellulose
94
Q

Hepatic flexure or right colic flexure

A

• Ascending colon goes up the right side and make a 90 degree turn under the liver

95
Q

What is suspended by mesocolon?

A

transverse segment

96
Q

splenic flexure or the left colic flexure

A

Descending colon makes 90 degree turn underneath the spleen

97
Q

sigmoid colon

A

At distal end of large intestine, it takes an S turn

98
Q

Rectum

A

is the last straight part of the tube and it will aid in defecation

99
Q

Anus

A

has skeletal muscle around it for us to decide when it is appropriate to defecate

100
Q

Measurement of rectum and anus

A

20cm for rectum; 2cm for anus

Anatomy (14 decks)

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