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Anatomy > Intersex > Flashcards

Intersex Flashcards

1
Q

genetic sex

A

sex as indicated by the presence of XX (female) or XY (male) chromosomes

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2
Q

phenotypic sex

A

the internal and external morphology of each sex, and results from differences in gene expression

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3
Q

gonadal sex

A

sex as indicated by the presence of ovaries (female) or testes (male)

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4
Q

behavioural/psychological sex

A

how the person self identifies i.e. gender identity

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5
Q

indifferent stage

A
  • first few weeks of development where male and female structures are the same
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6
Q

mesonephric kidney

A

primordial kidney that degenerates until metanephric kidney is formed, and is a precursor for some of the male structures; it is drained by the mesonephric duct

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7
Q

mesonephric duct

A

Wolffian duct; can develop male tubework

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8
Q

mullerian duct

A

develops into the female reproductive tract

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9
Q

indifferent gonads

A

the undifferentiated gonads of the early mammalian fetus, which will eventually develop into either testes (center) or ovaries (cortex)

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10
Q

urogenital sinus

A

point where the urogenitary systems coalesce

  • sinus forms lumen of penile urethra
  • when urogenital folds develop over top of sinus, will develop into tube-like structure that leads out and opens at genital tubercle
  • in females, this persists as an open sinus which will develop into the vestibule
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11
Q

cloaca

A

common opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts; front portion becomes bladder and rear portion becomes part of rectum

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12
Q

XY phenotype

A

presence of Y chromosome and SRY gene has testes determining factor

  • stimulates Leydig and Sertoli cells in gonad
  • Leydig: testosterone to infl. Wolffian duct development into male structures
  • Sertoli: AMH and regression of Mullerian ducts
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13
Q

embryology of the XY phenotype

A
  • paramesonephric ducts inhibited by AMH
  • stroma of indifferent gonad becomes testes under influence of TDF
  • mesonephric duct develops under influence of testosterone from Leydig cells
  • testes + vas deferens begin descent toward scrotum
  • mesonepthric kidney degerates
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14
Q

gonadal + kidney development of XX genotype

A

cortex of indifferent gonad becomes ovary

  • paramesonephric duct persists + develops into oviduct & uterus, mesonephric duct degenerates
  • mesonepthric kidney degenerates
  • bud from mesonepthric duct becomes ureter and metanephros (kidney)
  • kidney + ureter ascend while gonads descend
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15
Q

gonadal + kidney development of XY genotype

A
  • stroma of indifferent gonad becomes testes
  • mesonephric ducts stimulated to develop and paramesonephric ducts are actively inhibited
  • mesonepthric kidney degerates
  • bud from mesonephric duct becomes ureter and kidney
  • kidney + ureter ascend while gonads descend
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16
Q

persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

A

condition in which testicles can be held up in abdomen or pelvis, since paramesonephric ducts do not generate, usually b/c of shortage of AMH/MIS

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17
Q

inguinal descent of the testes

A

descent of testes through scrotum occurs through inguinal canal, which has a deep ring (opening to abdomen) and superficial ring (opening to scrotum); testes moves downward with gubernaculum

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18
Q

gubernaculum

A

aids the descent of testes through inguinal canal

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19
Q

genital tubercle

A

small projection on external surface; gives rise to external genitalia (glans clitoris or penis)

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20
Q

labioscrotal swelling

A

swelling can develop into labia in females or scrotum in males

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21
Q

transversalis fascia

A

abdominal layer continuous with internal spermatic fascia; pulled w/ testes during descent

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22
Q

hydrocoele

A

collection of serous fluid in the scrotal sac around the testis

23
Q

orchidopexy

A

surgical fixation of an undescended testicle

24
Q

cryptochidism

A

undescended testes

25
Q

why is the descent of the testes required?

A

the sperm cannot survive the body’s high core temp, and there would be an increased risk of developing testicular cancer

26
Q

why do male gonads end up outside the body?

A

sperm need to maintain temperature 2-3º below body temp. in order to develop, in doing so the testes will move up and down using the cremaster and dartos muscles

27
Q

cremaster muscle

A

skeletal muscle that arises from the internal obliques; elevates testes

28
Q

dartos muscle

A

smooth muscle; wrinkles scrotal skin; pulls scrotum close to body

29
Q

pampiniform plexus

A

a network of testicular veins that drain the testes and absorb body heat from the testes and scrotum

30
Q

inguinal hernia

A

a hernia in which part of the intestine protrudes into the inguinal canal through weak fascia

31
Q

urogenital folds

A

develop into penile urethra in males or labia minora in females

32
Q

female vestibule

A

area b/w labia minora which contains the opening to the urethra and the vaginal opening

33
Q

urethral folds (males)

A

at 10 weeks under the influence of androgens will begin to meet and seal up

34
Q

midline raphe

A

joins centrally to form the line down the center of scrotum

35
Q

intersex

A

possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

36
Q

XX intersex

A

chromosomally female w/ external genitalia that appear male; typically resulting b/c of virilization of female fetus by male hormones

37
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAD)

A

disease of the adrenal in which the male hormones arise due to overactive adrenal glands in fetal development

38
Q

XY intersex

A

chromosomally male w/ external genitalia appearing to be female or incompletely formed; generally result of inadequate supply or insensitivity to male hormones

39
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

A

condition in which receptors for androgens are not working causing XY intersex (can also be due to shortage of androgens)

40
Q

AMH stands for and does what

A

anti mullerian hormone

- is a transforming growth factor important for development of male phenotype

41
Q

TDF

A

essential for determining and generating XY phenotype

42
Q

The y chromosome contains what that gives testis determining factor

A

SRY

43
Q

What does TDF stimulate?

A

sertoli cells in gonad which make anti-mullerian hormone

44
Q

Mullerian ducts in females?

A

progress

45
Q

Mullerian ducts in males?

A

regress and need AMH

46
Q

Leydig cells in gonad make

A

test

47
Q

Mullerian duct will give rise to

A

fallopian tube and uterus

48
Q

The cortex of the indifferent gonads in females becomes

A

ovary

49
Q

The bud off of mesonephric duct initiates

A

development of metanephros which develop into true kidneys

50
Q

in both males and females what does the mesonephric duct become

A

ureter

51
Q

XY: The stroma of the indifferent gonads becomes

A

testes

52
Q

Between the mesonephric duct and paramesonephric duct which are activated and which are inhibited

A
  • mesonephric duct is stimulated to develop

- paramesonephric are inhibited

53
Q

inferior part of mesonephric duct becomes

A

vas deferens

Anatomy (14 decks)

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