Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Renal 1 Glomerulus > Flashcards

Renal 1 Glomerulus Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the kidney?

A
  1. regulate blood ionic composition
  2. regulate blood pH
  3. regulate blood vol. (water content)
  4. regulate BP (RAA pathway)
  5. maintain blood osmolarity (300Osm/L)
  6. prod. hormones (vit. D, EPO)
  7. regulate blood glucose (gluconeogenesis)
  8. excrete waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

in the superior portion of the posterior abdominal cavity; retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

segmental arteries

A

as renal artery enters renal sinus it branches to 5 of these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how is a kink in the ureter formed?

A

by the iliopsoas muscle; kidney stones passing through the ureter can also get stuck in this region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

renal fascia

A

dense layer of CT that helps hold kidney in place within posterior abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

perirenal fat

A

fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule to cushion the kidney and protect it from trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

renal capsule

A

the 3rd layer of stiff CT covering the external surface of the kidney and keeps it in one shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

renal hilum

A

where vessels and ureter enter/exit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

renal cortex

A

outer layer of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

renal medulla

A

inner portion of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

renal columns

A

extensions of the cortex that project inward toward sinus; exist b/w triangular units in the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

renal pyramids

A

triangular-shaped areas of tissue in the medulla of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

renal papillae

A

CT that collect the filtrate generated by the nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

nephron

A

filtering unit of the kidney that extracts waste from blood and sends it out to tip of renal pyramid to be collected via minor calyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

minor calyx

A

a cup-shaped extension of the pelvis that encircles the apex of a pyramid; at this point, filtrate becomes urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

major calyx

A

the cavity formed by the convergence of several minor calyces, which drain urine from the minor calyxes into the renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

renal pelvis

A

central collecting region in the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

structures in the renal cortex

A

renal corpuscle, Bowman’s capsule, renal tubules, juxtaglomerular apparatus, collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, where blood filtering actually occurs; afferent arteriole brings blood toward glomerulus and efferent away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

captures filtrate made by glomerulus, sending filtrate through renal tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

renal tubules

A

small tubes in the kidney where reabsorption takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

loop of Henle

A

section of the nephron tubule in renal pyramid that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

in the nephron, the complex of cells b/w distal tubule and glomerulus which fine-tune; constantly taste filtrate and alter rate of filtrate production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

collecting duct

A

last 10% of water reabsorption, major site of action for ADH; at the tip of papilla will be collected by minor calyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

filtrate vs. urine

A

filtrate has no protein/formed elements/large molecules but lots of small molecules (glucose a.a.’s, HCO3-) while urine virtually has no small molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing filtration between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron; there is reabsorption of material from filtrate and secretion of material into the tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what do renal tubules mostly contain?

A

plasma and dissolved substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the glomerular capsule made of?

A

single layer of squamous epithelial cells (parietal layer), which gets projected onto the surface of blood vessels (visceral layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

components of juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

macula densa (MD), granular cells (GC),, mesangial cells (MC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

macula densa

A

Tastes and try’s to see if filtrate is appropriate, secrete NO and works paracrine to talk to smooth muscle of afferent arteriole to relax (allows blood flow into glomerulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

granular cells

A

responsible for releasing renin for RAA pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

mesangial cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells; targets of action of ANP which tell these cells to relax to loosen glomerular tuft (lots of filtration, urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the function of the sympathetic nerve fiver on the afferent arteriole?

A

to help control vascular tone and constrict during fight or flight response

36
Q

where is filtrate formed?

A

in the space b/w the visceral and parietal layer of the renal corpuscle (capsular space)

37
Q

how is blood plasma forced out into the capsular space?

A

hydrostatic pressure

38
Q

how are most proteins kept out of filtrate?

A

repelled due to -ve charge by basal lamina

39
Q

pedicels

A

finger-like projections of podocytes surrounding glomerular capillaries; create filtration slits

40
Q

podocytes

A

cells in the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus

41
Q

kidneys and the CV system

A
  1. the CV system generates BP necessary for glomerular filtration and drives high flow needed to maintain a stable cortical interstitial solute composition
  2. the kidneys maintain blood vol., regulate plasma osmolarity and secrete mediators that affect cardiac performance and vascular tone (products of kidney can affect preload and afterload)
42
Q

net filtration pressure

A

the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure that pushes the filtrate into the capsular space, usually 10mmHg in kidneys

43
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined

44
Q

what pressure pushes fluid out of the glomerular capillaries

A

positive pressure..blood, hydrostatic pressure in capillaries

45
Q

what pressures hold fluid in the glomerular capillaries

A

negative pressure..capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure (attraction of dissolved materials in blood for water)

46
Q

renal autoregulation

A

the ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external (nervous or hormonal) control; easily altered by changing Bp in glomerulus or leakiness of capillaries

47
Q

what are the 2 intrinsic mechanisms to change glomerular BP (and thus GFR)?

A

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

48
Q

myogenic mechanism

A

the smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole is stretched by an increase in BP and the afferent arteriole response w/ constriction which decreases GFR

49
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback

A

the macula densa detect high amounts of filtrate flow (lots of water and Na+); this inhibits nitric oxide release which inhibits afferent arteriole dilation to decrease GFR

50
Q

hormonal regulation of GFR

A

angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

51
Q

angiotensin II effect on GFR

A

decreases GFR b/c it constricts the afferent arterioles but increases BP b/c it also constricts systemic arterioles

52
Q

angiotensin II

A

arises as a result of conversion of angiotensin I by ACE, which arose from the conversion of angiotensinogen (reaction calayzed be renin)

53
Q

what is he effect of ACE inhibitors?

A

decrease BP and used to clinically treat hypertension

54
Q

why does angiotensin II primary act on the afferent arteriole vs the efferent arteriole?

A

it will reduce blood flow to the glomerulus and hence reduce filtrate production rather than building up pressure in the glomerulus

55
Q

ANP effect on GFR

A

increases GFR due to distension of the heart that triggers ANP release, it causes relaxation of mesangial cells which make the glomerular capillaries more spread out and relaxed for more filtration to occur (once blood vol. goes down, pressure in heart decreases and ANP is no longer secreted)

56
Q

neural regulation of the GFR

A

via sympathetic branch of ANS to muscular walls of afferent arterioles

  • a1-adrenoreceptors
  • with low blood flow to glomerulus, hydrostatic pressure and filtration decreases
  • there is little urine being made at this time
57
Q

The left gonadal vein comes off of

A

Left renal vein

58
Q

The right gonadal vein comes off the

A

Inferior vena cava

59
Q

The gonadal arteries come off the

A

High on the aorta.. very long

60
Q

Where does the bladder sit?

A

Behind pubic bone

61
Q

What drains the kidneys and where to?

A

The renal veins and to the inferior vena cava

62
Q

Where do the adrenal glands sit?

A

On top of both kidneys

63
Q

Where do kidneys get blood from?

A

Renal arteries

64
Q

What do the renal arteries turn into?

A

Segmental arteries.. five of them

65
Q

Glugogenesis occurs

A

Half from liver and half from kidneys

66
Q

Do the kidneys store significant levels of glycogen.

A

No

67
Q

What is the right kidney depressed by?

A

Inferiorly by the liver

68
Q

Ptosis is

A

Occurs when people are starving and kidney defends and kinks itself off
- last fat to be used when starvation occurs because once it starts to use the kidneys now fall and they drool which causes ureter to kink a bit which results in a lot of pressure and can create kidney damage

69
Q

How can we crack the rib cage?

A

Part of kidney will peak below rib cage and if we get hit from behind we can crack rib

70
Q

Renal arteries

A

Branching right away to give to segmental arteries, they further branch to give into interlobar arteries and then arcuate arteries

71
Q

Where does urine come out of?

A

Out of collecting duct in the nephron

72
Q

Where does collecting duct come out?

A

At the renal papilla

73
Q

Where does the renal papillae drain into?

A

Drains into minor and major calyx

74
Q

After minor and major calyx where does it go?

A

Enter renal pelvis and comes out ureter

75
Q

The renal column is largely?

A

Interlobar arteries

76
Q

The pyramids are

A

Tubules and collecting ducts

77
Q

Poly cystic kidney

A

Kidney is filled with fluid filled sacs

78
Q

Longer the loops..

A

More you can concentrate urine (less water)

79
Q

From 20-25%of blood flow how much is made into filtrate?

A

180L

80
Q

Out of 180L of filtrate how much is made into urine?

A

1-2 L so about 99% is reabsorbed

81
Q

Filtrate has small molecules like glucose and amino acids but the urine

A

Does not contain any hardly

82
Q

Reabsorption

A

Stuff we do want such as glucose, sodium and potassium

83
Q

If filtration process within the nephron isn’t occurring it results in

A

Renal failure

84
Q

Capsular space

A

Where filtrate is formed… between visceral and parietal layer

85
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

All the things that are dissolved in the blood that attract water… does not allow water to enter capsular space

86
Q

If GFR is too high

A

BP in glomerulus is too high
- afferent arterioles constrict so less blood flows to the glomerular capillaries under less pressure and the GFR goes down; opposite for gfr being too low

Anatomy (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions