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BDS2 OCB > OCB02-2019 > Flashcards

OCB02-2019 Flashcards

1
Q

What shape are the cells of the intercalated salivary ducts?

A

Cuboidal

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2
Q

What may the role of intercalated duct cells be?

A

Precursors for acini and striated duct cells

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3
Q

What is important in maintaining osmotic differences during saliva formation?

A

Tight junctions

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4
Q

What developmental tissue are the major salivary glands derived from?

A

Oral ectoderm

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5
Q

What developmental tissue are the minor salivary glands derived from?

A

Oral ectoderm and endoderm

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6
Q

How might ectodermal dysplasia affect salivary glands?

A

Abnormality of ectoderm so loss of major glands but only some minor glands

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7
Q

What kind of interactions are essential in tooth and salivary gland development?

A

Epithelial-mesenchyme interactions

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8
Q

When is the initial bud stage for the human parotid?

A

6 weeks i.u.

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9
Q

Describe the initial bud stage of salivary gland development.

A

6 weeks i.u.

Thickening of oral cavity ectoderm to form an epithelial placode

Reciprocal interactions with mesenchyme form condensing mesenchyme or “papilla” around placode as placode expands

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10
Q

Knockout of which genes can affect the initial bud stage?

A

FGF-10, FGFR2b in epithelium

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11
Q

Describe the pseudoglandular stage of salivary gland development.

A

Further proliferation of bud via epithelial-mesenchyme interactions

No duct yet

MMP14 creates space in mesenchyme for epithelium to grow into

SHH important for epithelial expansion

EGF, FGF, MMP determine branching - mesenchyme patterns the branching

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12
Q

Which MMP creates space during the pseudoglandular stage?

A

MMP14

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13
Q

What happens if you knockout EGFR at the pseudoglandular stage?

A

Reduced number of terminal buds

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14
Q

If you pair parotid mesenchyme with sublingual epithelium, what branching pattern will develop?

A

Parotid branching

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15
Q

What role does FGF1 have in the pseudoglandular stage?

A

Elongation of buds

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16
Q

What role does FGF2 have in the pseudoglandular stage?

A

Proliferation of end parts/acini

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17
Q

What gene is important for epithelial expansion during the pseudoglandular stage?

A

SHH

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18
Q

BMPs antagonise the action of what group of molecules?

A

FGFs (growth in general)

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19
Q

What are BMPs important for during the pseudoglandular stage?

A

Forming clefts/separations between cell types

Maximise branching to increase surface area for saliva production

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20
Q

When is the canalicular stage for the human parotid?

A

~10 weeks i.u.

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21
Q

Describe the canalicular stage of salivary gland development.

A

~10 weeks i.u.

Formation of lumen/ducts by apoptosis of central cells and controlled growth/proliferation

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22
Q

Which factors/receptors are important in the canalicular stage?

A

BMP7

Grain-head transcription factor

Retinoic acid receptors

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23
Q

What can failure of the canalicular stage lead to?

A

Can cause cysts/ranulas (swellings under mucosa)

Especially in minor glands

24
Q

When is the terminal bud stage for the human parotid?

A

~16 weeks i.u.

25
Q

Describe the terminal bud stage of salivary gland development.

A

~16 weeks i.u.

Type 1 cells (along branches) will form striated ducts

Type 3 cells (at ends of branches) will form acini

Myoepithelial cells now apparent

26
Q

At what stage do myoepithelial cells appear during salivary gland development and how could you visualise this?

A

Terminal bud stage

Stain actin

27
Q

When is the perinatal stage for the human parotid?

A

~36 weeks i.u.

28
Q

Describe the perinatal stage of salivary gland development.

A

~36 weeks i.u.

Until now, nerves have been growing alongside the tree

Development and integration of nerves with acini - PS first causes saliva secretion (then sympathetic)

29
Q

Which nerves integrate with acini first (perinatal stage)?

A

Parasympathetic

30
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic nerves not integrating with acini before birth?

A

Reduced acinar and myoepithelial maturation

31
Q

How can you see the salivary protein profile of a gland?

A

Northern blot (measures mRNA)

32
Q

In rodents, when is submandibular gland protein B (SMGB) present?

A

During embryonic development

33
Q

In rodents, when is amylase, DNAse 1 and parotid secretory protein (PSP) present?

A

After development of glands

34
Q

What is found in a human baby’s saliva?

A

Most adult proteins

Mostly IgD and some IgA (shifts during first year) and albumin

35
Q

What is the main difference between human and rodent salivary gland development?

A

Human salivary glands almost fully developed before birth

Rodent glands still developing post-natally (hence perinatal stage)

36
Q

What factors can influence the salivary glands?

A

Tooth eruption - PDL mechanoreceptors increase innervation to glands

Weaning - solid food means chewing^

Puberty - hormones

Menopause - hormones can cause atrophy

37
Q

Why is decreased salivary function associated with old age?

A

Increased fibrosis and fat deposits in glands as you age

Polypharmacy

38
Q

What tissue are the parotid glands associated with?

A

Lymph nodes

39
Q

What type of acini are found in parotid tissue and how does it stain with H&E?

A

Serous

Purple/dark (secretory granules)

40
Q

In which gland are serous demilunes found?

A

Submandibular gland

41
Q

What type of acini are found in sublingual tissue and how does it stain with H&E?

A

Mucous acini

Pale-staining

42
Q

Which gland has very few striated duct cells? Why might this be?

A

Sublingual gland

Very thick saliva so shorter distance to travel to mouth is required

43
Q

Are striated ducts found in intra- or interlobular glandular tissue?

A

Intralobular

44
Q

Which gland has many plasma cells present? What does this mean for the saliva produced?

A

Sublingual gland

Lots of IgA in this saliva so protective

45
Q

Which major gland are the minor salivary glands most similar to? How is the saliva similar?

A

Sublingual glands

Lots of IgA and mucin

46
Q

What are stromal cells? Give an example.

A

Cells found outside of the glandular/acini tissue

Adipocytes, lymphocytes/plasma cells

47
Q

Where are the arteries and veins found in a salivary gland?

A

Interlobular connective tissue

48
Q

Are collecting and excretory ducts found in intra- or interlobular glandular tissue?

A

Interlobular

49
Q

Which type of autonomic nerve tends to be larger in cross-section in salivary glands?

A

Parasympathetic

50
Q

Which type of autonomic nerve tends to be myelinated in salivary glands?

A

Parasympathetic

51
Q

Which type of autonomic nerve tends to follow blood vessels in salivary glands?

A

Sympathetic

52
Q

Which duct in salivary glands has the smallest lumen?

A

Intercalated ducts

53
Q

Which side of the acini are myoepithelial cells found?

A

Basal

54
Q

Which stain can be used to visualise mucins and elastin?

A

Alcian blue

55
Q

Why does the Alcian blue stain show mucins so strongly?

A

Mucins are very negatively charged as they are large and highly glycosylated

Alcian blue is positively charged

56
Q

Which stain can be used to show basement membranes?

A

PAS stain (periodic acid-Schiff)

BDS2 OCB (22 decks)

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