A global perspective on ENT, Opthalmic and Neurological Conditions Flashcards
(66 cards)
According to the GMC, why should medical students be interested in global health?
“Medical students should be able to discuss from a global perspective, the determinant of health and disease and variations in healthcare delivery and medical practice”
WHO definition of health.
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What are the top 10 causes of death in low income countries?
- Lower respiratory infections
- HIV/AIDS
- Diarrhoeal diseases
- Stroke
- Ischaemic heart disease
- Malaria
- Preterm birth complications
- Tuberculosis
- Birth asphyxia
- Protein energy malnourishment
What are the top 10 causes of death in high income countries?
-Ischaemic heart disease
-Stroke
Trachea, bronchus and lung conditions
-Alzheimer’s disease and dementia
-COPD
-Lower respiratory infections
-Colon rectum cancers
-Diabetes mellitus
-Hypertensive heart disease
-Breast cancer
What is the current global state of health?
Enormous progress made to improve health status globally but enormous disparities in health status and access to health services within and between countries
What are the 5 determinants of health?
- Genes and biology
- Physical environment
- Clinical care
- Health behaviours
- Social and economic factors
Give examples of social and economic factors affecting health?
- Social class
- Gender
- Ethnicity
- Education
- Health policy
- Governance
- Culture
What gradient do health and illness follow?
A social gradient, worsening with decreasing socio-economic position
What are the 8 millennium development goals?
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- Achieve universal primary education
- Promote gender equality and empower women
- Reduce child mortality
- Improve maternal health
- Combat HIV/AIDS , malaria and other diseases
- Ensure environmental sustainability
- Global partnership for development
What are the 17 sustainable development goals?
- No poverty
- No hunger
- Good health
- Quality education
- Gender equality
- Clean water and sanitation
- Clean energy
- Good jobs and economic growth
- Innovation and infrastructure
- Reduced inequalities
- Sustainable cities and communities
- Responsible consumptions
- Protect the planet
- Life below the water
- Life on land
- Peace and justice
- Partnerships for the goals
What are the statistics on global visual impairment?
- 285 million people are visually impaired
- 39 million are blind
- 19 million children are affected
- 90% in low income setting
- 80% can be prevented or cured
What are the causes of global visual impairment?
- Cataract
- Refractive error
- Glaucoma
- AMD
- Corneal scar
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Childhood
- Trachoma
- Oncho.
- Other
What global causes of visual impairment are curable?
- Cataract
- Refractive error
What global causes of visual impairment are treatable?
- Glaucoma
- AMD
- Diabetic retinopathy
What global causes of visual impairment are preventable?
- Corneal scar
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Trachoma
- Oncho.
What are cataracts a leading cause of?
Blindness
What increases the risk of cataracts?
UV exposure
What is required for successful cataract treatment?
- Access to surgery
- Follow up
- After care
Why is there often a loss of confidence in treating cataracts in the developing world?
- Many receive treatment at cataract camps
- Lack of follow up and complications including infection leads to loss of confidence
How can refractive errors be corrected?
Glasses
How can glaucoma be treated?
Lifelong eye drops
Why is glaucoma a leading cause of blindness in developing countries?
- Requires lifelong supply of eye drops
- Access to medications
- Supply of medications
- Storage of medications
- Poor hygiene with drop insertion leads to loss of confidence in treatment
What is corneal scarring usually secondary to?
Trachoma
Trachoma
Bacterial infection due to face washing with dirty water, sharing linen and lies
