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Systems: Head and Neck AB > Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology > Flashcards

Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What conditions are included under the heading otology?

A
  • Hearing loss
  • Discharging ear
  • Earache
  • Tinnitus
  • Vertigo
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2
Q

How can hearing loss in children be characterised?

A
  • Congenital vs acquired
  • Unilateral vs bilateral
  • Conductive vs sensorineural
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3
Q

What ear symptoms may be present with hearing loss?

A
  • Pain
  • Discharge
  • Loss of function: hearing loss, dizziness, tinnitus
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4
Q

What may there be a history of with hearing loss?

A
  • Ear symptoms
  • Problems with speech development and school performance
  • Behavioural problems
  • Maternal perinatal infections
  • Delivery issues (prematurity, anoxia)
  • Neonatal infections, drugs, jaundice
  • Growth delays, immunisations, passive smoking, breast vs bottle feeding
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5
Q

How is a 6-18 month old subjectively assessed for hearing?

A

Distraction test

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6
Q

How is a 12 month -3 year old subjectively assessed for hearing?

A

Visual reinforced audiometry

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7
Q

How is a 3-5 year old subjectively assessed for hearing?

A

Play audiometry

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8
Q

How is a 4+ year old subjectively assessed for hearing?

A

Pure tone audiometry

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9
Q

What does objective assessment of the audiometry system include?

A
  • Otoacoustic emissions
  • Auditory brain stem response
  • Tympanometry
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10
Q

In what age group do 80% of otitis media with effusion cases occur?

A

Under 10s

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11
Q

When are the 2 peaks in age groups for otitis media with effusion?

A
  • 2 years

- 5 years

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12
Q

What are the risk factors for otitis media with effusion?

A
  • Day care
  • Smoking
  • Cleft palate
  • Down syndrome
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13
Q

How is otitis media with effusion treated?

A
  • Most improve by themselves
  • Hearing aids
  • Grommets
    • Adenoidectomy
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14
Q

What are the symptoms of otitis media with effusion?

A
  • Hearing loss
  • Speech delay
  • Behavioural problems
  • Academic decline
  • Imbalance
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15
Q

What are the signs of otitis media with effusion?

A
  • Dull Tm
  • Fluid level
  • Bubbles
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16
Q

What is the aetiology of otitis media with effusion?

A
  • Eustachian tube dysfunction either due to anatomy of the skull base of muscular immaturity
  • Adenoidal hypertrophy
  • Resolving A.O.M
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17
Q

How is otitis externa treated?

A
  • Aural microsuction
  • Topical antibiotics
  • Water precautions
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18
Q

When is acute otitis media common?

A

3-18 months

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19
Q

How does a child with acute otitis media present?

A
  • Short history
  • Pain
  • Fever
  • Discharge
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20
Q

What is acute otitis media related to/

A

OME

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21
Q

What is the microbiology of acute otitis media?

A
  • Haemophilus influenza
  • Strep pneumonia
  • Moraxella catarrhalis
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22
Q

How is acute otitis media treated?

A
  • Antibiotics ( eg Co-amoxiclav)

- Grommets and adenoidectomy if recurrent

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23
Q

When should you suspect chronic otitis media/cholesteatoma in children?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Chronic discharging ear

- Hearing loss despite grommets

24
Q

How is cholesteatoma treated?

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A

Mastoidectomy

25
What conditions are included under the heading rhinology?
- Blocked nose | - Runny nose
26
How often is normal for a child to present with a blocked/runny nose?
8 episodes per year lasting up to 15 days
27
What should be discussed in the history of a child presenting with blocked/runny nose?
- Nasal symptoms - History of foreign body - Feeding - Snoring, quality of sleep
28
What nasal symptoms may be present in a child with blocked/runny nose?
- Pain - Discharge - Loss of function: blocked nose, sense of smell
29
How can rhinitis be classified?
Allergic vs non allergic
30
How is rhinitis diagnosed?
Allergen tests (IgE)
31
How is rhinitis treated?
- Nasal douching - Antihistamines - Nasal steroids
32
If a child has large adenoids, what should you check for?
Sleep apnoea
33
How does a foreign body in the nose present?
Unilateral
34
What does a foreign body in the nose require?
EUA
35
How can sinusitis be characterised?
Acute vs chronic
36
Sinusitis and polyps have overlapping symptoms with...
Rhinitis/large adenoids
37
What condition is sinusitis and polyps associated?
Cystic fibrosis
38
What is the incidence of choanal atresia?
1 in 6000-8000 births
39
How does bilateral choanal atresia manifest?
Unable to breathe
40
What is the prevalence of epistaxis?
- Common | - M>F
41
What should be considered with epistaxis?
Coagulopathy/ haematological abnormality
42
How should epistaxis be managed?
- Appropriate first aid - Antibiotic ointments - Cauterise - Nasal packing
43
What antibiotic ointments can be used in the treatment of epistaxis?
- Naseptin | - Bactroban
44
How can cauterisation be carried out for epistaxis?
- Silver nitrate under local anaesthetic | - Diathermy under general anaesthetic
45
What conditions come under the heading laryngology?
- Sore throat | - Airway issues
46
What should be discussed in the history of a child with a sore throat?
- Throat symptoms - Snoring - Drooling
47
What throat symptoms may a child with a sore throat present with?
- Pain (odynophagia, ear ache) - Discharge (cough) - Loss of function (dysphagia, breathing problems, hoarse voice)
48
What should be examined when a child presents with a sore throat?
- Throat - Neck - Ears and nose
49
What are the 2 types of tonsillitis?
- Bacterial caused by B haem strep B | - Viral caused by EBV
50
With tonsillitis , what is there a risk of?
Glomerulonephritis
51
What is the treatment for tonsillitis?
- Supportive | - Antibiotics
52
What is a complication of tonsillitis?
Quinsy- peritonsillar abscess
53
What are the characteristics of a child's head and neck anatomy?
- Large tongue - Large tonsils - Large epiglottis - Short neck - Sub glottis narrowest
54
How does a child with airway issues usually present?
As an emergency but it can be chronic
55
What is there usually a history of with a child with an airway issue?
- Foreign body - Recent illness - Feeding problems - Stridor particularly inspiratory
56
What are causes of airway issues in children?
- Foreign body - Epiglottitis - Laryngomalacia
57
What are common neck lumps in children?
- Thyroglossal cyst - Branchial cyst - Cystic hygroma - Cervical lymphadenopathy

Systems: Head and Neck AB (15 decks)

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