Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Systems: Head and Neck AB > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does the neck develop from?

A

Branchial/pharyngeal arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the face develop from?

A

5 mesenchymal process/prominences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the skull develop from?

A

Mesenchyme in the head region of developing embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Mesenchyme is embryonic connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does mesenchyme have the same properties as?

A

Connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does mesenchyme develop into?

A
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Blood vessels
  • ETC.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What 2 areas of the embryo lac mesoderm?

A

Future site of the mouth and anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does notochord formation lead to?

A

Axis formation in the embryo (embryo now has a right and a left side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the trilaminar disc have on either side?

A
  • Amniotic cavity dorsally (side of ectoderm)

- Yolk sac ventrally (side of endoderm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

Some of the ectoderm in the midline folds down to form neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are the neural crest cells formed?

A

Some cells a the crest of the neural fold separate to form the neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to the neural crest cells once they are formed?

A

They migrate and give rise to a wide variety of structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to the neural crest cells in the head and neck region?

A

They mix with the mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are somites derived from?

A

The paraxial mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do the somites form?

A

Structures like the axial skeleton and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many somites develop in total in human embryos?

A

Around 33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do somites located in the future head region help in?

A

Cranial skeleton development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What needs to form in the head and neck region?

A
  • Face to house the special sense organs
  • Skull cap and base of skull to protect growing brain
  • Palate to separate mouth from nose
  • Muscles, skeletal elements to support the neck region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Branchial arches

A

Series of arches which develop around the future mouth (stomatodeum) and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How did the branchial arches get their name?

A

Called branchial because in lower animals (fish) it forms the gills (branchium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do the branchial arches support?

A

Primitive pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What develops from the branchial arches?

A

Face and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many branchial arches are there?

A
  • In humans 5 branchial arches develop.

- 6 arches start to develop but arch number 5 disappears so we are left with arches 1,2,3,4 and 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where is the ectoderm found in the branchial arches?
- Lines the outside | - Also forms clefts in between arches
26
Where is the mesoderm found in the branchial arches?
- In the middle with the neural crest cells | - Forms the cartilage and muscles
27
Where is the endoderm found in the branchial arches?
- On the inside | - Also forms pouches in between the arches
28
Which nerve is associated with the 1st branchial arch?
Mandibular branch of the trigeminal
29
What nerve is associated with the 2nd branchial arch?
Facial nerve
30
What nerve is associated with the 3rd branchial arch?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
31
What nerve is associated with the 4th branchial arch?
Superior laryngeal branch of the vagus
32
What nerve is associated with the 6th branchial arch?
Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus
33
Which branchial arch are the muscles of the face derived from?
2nd branchial arch
34
What is the anterior belly of the digastric muscle innervated by?
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
35
What is the posterior belly of the digastric muscle innervated by?
Facial nerve
36
What forms form the branchial arches around the future pharynx?
Skeletal elements
37
What skeletal structure is derived from the 1st branchial arch?
Mandible
38
What skeletal structure is derived from the 2nd branchial arch?
Hyoid body and lesser horn
39
What skeletal structure is derived from the 3rd branchial arch?
Hyoid body and greater horn
40
What cartilaginous structure is derived from the 4th branchial arch?
Thyroid cartilage
41
What cartilaginous structure is derived from the 6th branchial arch?
Cricoid cartilage
42
Other than bone, cartilage and facial muscles, what other important structures develop from the branchial arches?
- Tongue - Thyroid gland - Parathyroid glands - Part of the pituitary gland
43
What are the 5 processes/prominences that the face develops from?
-1 frontonasal process -2 maxillary processes 2 mandibular processes
44
What does the frontonasal process of the face develop from?
From mesenchyme superior to future mouth
45
What do the 2 maxillary processes of the face develop from?
From the maxillary part of the 1st branch arch mesoderm
46
What do the 2 mandibular processes of the face develop from?
1st arch mesoderm
47
Why is it important to understand the origins of the face?
To understand how congenital facial defects such as clefts develop
48
Where do the 2 mandibular processes of the face fuse?
Midline
49
How is the nostril formed?
Ectodermal thickening occurs (nasal placode) which pushes inwards or invanginates to form the nasal pit leading to nostrils
50
How is the philtrum formed?
The medial nasal process further gowns downwards and laterally to form the philtrum
51
What is the 1st stage in the development of the palate?
- Medial nasal process grows downwards and forms philtrum. | - This forms the primary palate
52
What is the 2nd stage in the development of the palate?
From the maxillary processes, two palatine shelves grow inwards
53
What is the 3rd stage in the development of the palate?
The palatine shelves meet in the midline to form the secondary palate
54
How are the oral cavity and nasal cavity separated?
Formation of the palate
55
What is the cranial vault?
Flat bones of the skull
56
What is the base of the skull?
Irregular bones of the skull
57
What is the viscerocranium?
Skeleton of the face
58
How is the cranial vault formed?
Formed from membranous bones by membranous ossification calvaria
59
How is the base of the skull formed?
Bones formed by endochondral ossification
60
How is the viscerocranium formed?
Partly form the branchial arches and partly from sensory (special sense) capsules
61
When does the anterior fontanelle close?
At 1.5 years
62
What is the cranial vault formed from?
Mesenchyme derived from mesoderm that lies above the surface of developing brain ossify directly (membranous ossification)
63
Why is the cranial vault not fully formed at birth?
Sutures between bones are soft to allow for deformation during passage through birth canal and brain development
64
Craniosynostosis
Premature fusion od the suture joints leading to abnormal development of the skull and brain
65
How is the base of the skull formed?
- Mesenchyme around notochord is derived predominantly from neural crest cells - Preform in cartilage first - Later they ossify
66
What are sensory capsules derived from?
Mesoderm of the somites in head and neck region
67
What do the sensory capsules preform?
They preform in cartilage and ossify to form bones around the sense organs
68
What do the sensory capsules form?
- Partly base of the skull | - Partly viscerocranium
69
What forms the brain?
Neural tube
70
What forms the skull cap?
Membranous bones over growing the brain
71
What is the name of the 1st pharyngeal arch abnormality?
Treacher Collins Syndrome

Systems: Head and Neck AB (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions