Nose/Sinuses

Question 1

What is the primary nasal function?

Answer 1

As an airway is respiration

Question 2

Who is the primary nasal function particularly important in?

Answer 2

Neonates who are obligate nasal breathers

Question 3

What type of cells are present in the sinonasal mucosa?

Answer 3

Respiratory ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 4

What other nasal functions are there?

Answer 4

• Warming of inspired air
• Humidification
• Filtration of large particulate matter by coarse hairs (vibrissae) in the nasal vestibule
• Mucus production, trapping and ciliary clearance of particulate matter
• Immune protection
• Olfaction
• Drainage/aeration of the middle ear via Eustachian tube
• Drainage of paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
• Voice modification

Question 5

What role does the nasal passages play in voice modification of animals?

Answer 5

Pheromone detection via the vomero-nasal organ of Jacobson

Question 6

What is thought to be the function of the sinuses?

Answer 6

• Help with vocal resonance
• Decrease the weight of skull and facial bones
• Act as buffer for trauma

Question 7

Name the parts of the external nose.

Answer 7

• Glabella
• Nasion
• Dorsum
• Supratip
• Tip
• Collimnella

Question 8

What are the 2 components of the external nose?

Answer 8

• 1/3 bony

- 2/3 cartilage

Question 9

What is the external nose formed from?

Answer 9

Frontal processe of maxilla and nasal part of frontal bones

Question 10

What is the clinical relevance of the external nose?

Answer 10

• Deformities that can be congenital or acquired

- Acquired almost always due to trauma

Question 11

What are the boundaries of the internal nose?

Answer 11

Midline partition to nasal septum

Question 12

What forms the lateral walls of the internal nose?

Answer 12

Turbinates

Question 13

What forms the roof of the internal nose?

Answer 13

Cribriform plate

Question 14

What forms the floor of the internal nose?

Answer 14

Hard palate

Question 15

What are the associated structures of the internal nose?

Answer 15

• Paranasal sinuses

- Nasopharynx

Question 16

What is the clinical relevance of the internal nose?

Answer 16

• Deviation (Congenital or acquired. Acquired almost always caused by trauma)
• Septal perforation
• Septal haematoma

Question 17

Turbinates

Answer 17

Bony scroll like projections from lateral wall of nose

Question 18

What are the 3 types of turbinates?

Answer 18

• Superior
• Middle
• Inferior

Question 19

What is each turbinate associated with?

Answer 19

Its respective meatus

Question 20

What is the clinical relevance of the turbinates?

Answer 20

Usually inferior turbinate only

-Can cause nasal blockage due to inflammation or infection

Question 21

How can nasal blockage due to the turbinate be manages?

Answer 21

• Medically with topical steroid

- Surgically with turbinate reduction surgery

Question 22

What are the different types of paranasal sinuses?

Answer 22

• Frontal
• Maxillary x2
• Ethmoid (anterior and posterior)
• Sphenoid

Question 23

What does the inferior meatus drain?

Answer 23

Nasolacrimal duct

Question 24

What does the middle meatus drain?

Answer 24

• Frontal
• Maxillary
• Anterior ethmoid

Question 25

What does the superior meatus drain?

Answer 25

- Posterior ethmoid | - Sphenoid

Question 26

Rhino sinusitis

Answer 26

Reflects a concurrent inflammatory and infective process that affects the nasal passageway and contiguous para nasal sinuses

Question 27

What are the 2 classifications of rhino sinusitis?

Answer 27

- Acute (bacterial) | - Chronic (lasts more than 12 weeks)

Question 28

What are the 2 classifications of chronic rhino sinusitis?

Answer 28

- With polyps | - Without polyps

Question 29

What is the important relation of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses?

Answer 29

Anterior cranial fossa

Question 30

What are the important relation of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 30

Orbits

Question 31

What are the important relations of the sphenoid sinuses?

Answer 31

- Optic nerve - Internal carotid artery - Cavernous sinus

Question 32

Why are the relations of the sinuses of clinical importance?

Answer 32

Spread of infection - Meningitis - Intracranial abscess - Orbital sepsis Risk of surgery - CSF leak - Orbital complications possibly leading to blindness

Question 33

How is the nasal blood supply broadly divided?

Answer 33

- Anterior | - Posterior

Question 34

What is the anterior nasal blood supply?

Answer 34

- Derived from branches of the internal carotid artery | - Ophthalmic artery branching into anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries

Question 35

What is the posterior nasal blood supply?

Answer 35

- Derived from branches of external carotid artery | - Sphenopalatine artery

Question 36

What is the clinical relevance of Little's area?

Answer 36

-Epistaxis most commonly occurs in Little's area

Question 37

What are common causes of epistaxis?

Answer 37

- Trauma including nose picking - Anticoagulants - Iatrogenic - Idiopathic - Hypertension

Question 38

What are the important nerves of the nasal passages?

Answer 38

- Most come from trigeminal cranial nerve | - Greater and lesser palatine nerves stem from the facial nerve

Question 39

What is the clinical relevance of the nerves of the nose?

Answer 39

Olfactory dysfunction due to rhino sinusitis, post viral anosmia and trauma