A&P Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?
A
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum basale
2
Q
Name the 4 basic tissue types
A
- Connective
- Epithelial
- Muscle
- Nervous
3
Q
Where are embryonic stem cells found?
A
In the inner mass of the blastocyst
4
Q
Name the 3 primary tissue layers and give examples of what forms
A
- Ectoderm: outer layer- epidermis, sweat glands, hair
- Mesoderm: middle layer- muscles, bones
- Endoderm: inside layer- GI tract, lungs
5
Q
Name 6 types of connective tissue
A
- Bone
- Blood
- Cartilage
- Fat (adiposeJ
- Loose connective tissue
- Dense connective tissue
6
Q
What’s the function of connective tissue?
A
Provides support, shape and structure
7
Q
What’s the function of muscle tissues?
A
Contact and relax to provide movement
8
Q
Name 3 types of muscle tissue
A
- Skeletal/ striated
- Smooth
- Cardiac
9
Q
Name the 2 types of nervous tissue and their functions
A
Neurones and neuroglia
10
Q
Name 3 parts neurones comprise of
A
Axon
Dendrites
Cell body
11
Q
What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?
A
CNS- central nervous system
PNS- peripheral nervous system
12
Q
What’s the function of nervous tissue?
A
Receive stimuli and transmit electrical impulses
13
Q
What is the fund of epithelial tissue?
A
Protect underlying structures and inner lining. Also forms most glands. Secretes and absorbs
14
Q
Simple vs stratified epithelium?
A
Simple = one cell thick
Stratified = more than one layer
15
Q
Name the 8 types of epithelial tissue?
A
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Ciliated
Stratified
Pseudostratified
Transitional
Glandular
16
Q
How many teeth do puppy’s have and what’s their dental formula?
A
28 teeth
Formula- i3 c1 pm 3
i3 c1 pm 3 (x2)
17
Q
How many teeth do dogs have and what’s their dental formula?
A
42 teeth
Formula= I3 C1 PM4 M2
I3 C1 PM4 M3 (x2)
18
Q
How many teeth do kittens have and what’s their dental formula?
A
26
Formula= i3 c1 pm3
i3 c1 pm 2 (x2)
19
Q
How many teeth do cats have and what’s their dental formula?
A
30 teeth
Formula= I3 C1 PM3 M1
I3 C1 PM2 M1 (x2)
20
Q
What’s the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
A
Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream to a target organ.
Exocrine glands secrete products outside via ducts directly to the site
21
Q
Examples of endocrine and exocrine glands?
A
Endocrine= thyroid, adrenal, pituitary
Exocrine= sweat, mammary, lacrimal
22
Q
Name some functions of the skin
A
Protection, sensory, secretion, storage, thermoregulation, communication
23
Q
Name the 3 layers of skin
A
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (sc)
24
Q
What is the dermis made from and what does it contain?
A
Dense connective tissue
Blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles
25
What is the epidermis made from
Stratified squamous epithelium
26
What is the hypodermis made from
Fat and loose connective tissue
27
Name and differentiate between the 2 types of sweat glands
Apocrine: modified glands that secrete/open into the hair follicle
Eccrine: secrete/open directly onto skins surface
28
Name the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?
Anterior (adenohypophysis)
Posterior (neurohypophysis)
29
What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?
ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
Oxytocin
30
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?
ACTH
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
GH (growth hormone)
LH (lutenizing hormone)
ICSH (Interstitial cell stimulating hormone)
Prolactin
TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
31
What is the action of ACTH?
Stimulates adrenal glands to release cortisol
32
What is the action of FSH?
Targets ovaries to stimulate follicle growth
33
What is the action of GH?
Stimulates growth
34
What is the action of LH and ICSH
LH: stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum development
ICSH: produces testosterone
35
What is the action of prolactin?
Mammary development and milk production/ secretion
36
What is the action of TSH?
Stimulates release of thyroxine
37
What is the function of ADH?
Control urine output and regulate blood pressure
38
What is the function of thyroid glands?
Control metabolism and growth
39
What hormones are released by the thyroid glands?
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
Calcitonin
40
What is the action of Calcitonin?
Decreases calcium levels in the blood by deposition of calcium into bones and decreases bone resorption
41
What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland?
Parathormone PTH
42
What is the action of PTH parathormone?
Increase calcium levels in blood by releasing it from bones and increase calcium absorption from intestines
43
Function of parathyroid gland?
Maintain calcium levels for blood nerves and muscles
44
What 3 cells does the Islets of Langerhans consist of and what do they produce?
Alpha cells = glucagon
Beta cells= insulin
Delta cells= somatostatin
45
What is the action on insulin?
Increases glucose uptake in cells and stores in the liver as glycogen
46
What is glycogenesis?
Glucose to glycogen
47
What is the action of glucagon?
Converts glycogen into glucose
48
What is glycogenolysis?
Breakdown glycogen into glucose
49
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Vestibulocochlear
9. Glossopharangeal
10. Vagus
11. Accessory
12. Hypoglossal
50
What is haemtopoiesis and what are the sites of it?
Production of blood
Sites: bone marrow, epiphysis, spleen, liver
51
Composition of blood
Cellular- erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes
Fluid- plasma
52
What are the 2 types of WBCs?
Granulocytes- neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
Agranulocytes- monocytes and lymphocytes
53
What is haemostasis?
Process of ceasing bleeding
54
How are clots formed?
Platelets stick to blood vessels
Thrombin and fibrin are released and sticks to platelets to form clots
55
What is the name of the natural anticoagulant produced by the body?
Heparin
56
What is the pericardium?
Double layered serous sac that encloses the heart
57
What 3 layers make up the muscle of the heart wall?
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
58
Name the 4 chambers of the heart
Left and right atrium
Left and right ventricle
59
Name the 2 semi lunar valves?
Aortic and pulmonic valves
60
Name the 2 atrioventricular valves and their location?
Tricuspid valve- between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid/mitral valve- between left atrium and ventricle
61
What is the function of papillary muscles?
Prevent valves from collapsing inwards, attached to the chordae tendinae
62
Name the 5 major blood vessels of the heart and their functions
Vena cava- carries deoxygenated blood from body to heart
Aorta- carries oxygenated blood from the heart to body
Pulmonary artery- carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Pulmonary vein- carries oxygenated blood to the heart
Coronary arteries- supplies blood and nutrients to the heart
63
What is the circulation of blood through the heart?
Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta
64
Normal respiration rate for a dog
10-30
65
Normal respiration rate for a cat
20-30
66
Normal respiration rate for a rabbit
30-60
67
What are immature RBCs called?
Reticulocytes
68
RBCs and WBCs actual names
RBCs- erythrocytes
WBCs- leukocytes
69
Cardiac cycle- one heart beat
1. Cardiac diastole - all 4 chambers relaxed
2. Atrial systole, ventricular diastole- atria contract, ventricles relaxed fill with blood
3. Atrial diastole, ventricular systole- atria relax, ventricles contract pushing blood out of heart
70
Electrical conduction of the heart
Sinoatrial node (right atrium) electrical impulse causes atria to contract
Atrioventricular node sends impulse down septum along bundle of His to apex
Impulse travels to Purkinje fibres spreading up ventricle wall
Wave of contraction from bottom of ventricle upwards
71
Function of arteries, veins and capillaries
Arteries- carry blood away from heart, under high pressure
Veins- carry blood into the heart, under lower pressure
Capillaries- allows for gases, nutrient and waste exchange to tissues
72
List and locate 11 main arteries
Aorta- from left ventricle of heart
Coronary- in coronary groove, supplies heart
Carotid- either side of neck supplies head
Brachial- upper arm
Lingual- ventral tongue
Renal- supplies kidneys
Hepatic- supplies liver and gallbladder
Inguinal- supplies hindlimbs and pelvic region
Femoral- supplies hindlimbs
Ovarian/testicular- supplies gonads
73
List and locate 10 major veins
Vena cava- cranial returns from upper half, caudal, returns from lower half
Coronary- returns blood from heart
Cephalic- dorsal surface of foreleg
Jugular- either side of neck
Saphenous- lateral surface of lower hindlimb below knee
Lingual- ventral tongue
Renal- returns from kidneys
Hepatic- returns from liver
Hepatic portal- from GI tract to the liver
Marginal ear- lateral dorsal ear
74
Define blood pressure
Pressure exerted on arterial walls as blood is pumped out of heart
75
Systolic BP
Diastolic BP
MAP
Systolic BP- arterial pressure during heart beat - blood pumped out
Diastolic BP- arterial pressure at rest in between beats
Mean arterial pressure- average
76
What 5 factors control BP?
Blood volume
Peripheral resistance
Cardiac output
Blood viscosity
Elasticity of blood vessels
77
What is cardiac output
Amount of blood heart pumps in one minute
Cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume
78
What is stroke volume
Amount of blood pumped out of ventricle per contraction
79
Functions of lymphatic system
Return excess fluid to capillaries
Regulate fluid balance
Transports lipids from GI tract
Produces lymphocytes
Filters bacteria and foreign material
80
Function of lymphatic capillaries and vessels
Lymphatic capillaries- collect excess fluid from tissues. Lacteals in small intestine absorbs lipids
Lymphatic vessels- capillaries join to form vessels to transport lymph has valves
81
Name the 2 lymphatic ducts and function
Vessels drain into the ducts which drain into the vena cava and jugular vein
1. Thoracic duct- left side of body, upper body, left forelimb, pelvic and hindlimbs. The cisterna Chyli drains from abdomen into thoracic duct
2. Right lymphatic duct- neck, right side of head and upper body, right forelimb.
82
Function of lymph nodes
Filter trap and destroy bacteria
Contains lymphocytes
83
What organs are lymphatic tissue
Spleen and thymus
84
4 Functions of the spleen
Storage of RBCS
Destroys worn out RBCs
Filters and destroys bacteria using phagocytes
Production of lymphocytes
85
Red pulp vs white pulp of spleen
Red pulp- storage of RBCs
White pulp- contains lymphoid cells
86
Function of thymus
Produces T-lymphocytes for cell mediated immune response
Active and larger in younger animals , disappears by sexual maturity
87
List and locate 6 palpable lymph nodes
1. Parotid- beneath ears
2. Submandibular- edge angle of jaw
3. Prescapular- front of shoulders
4. Axillary- armpits
5. Inguinal- groins
6. Popliteal- behind knees/stifle
88
What colour is lymph and what’s it made from
Clear to white fluid
Interstitial fluid- WBCs, minerals, nutrients, microbes
89
Components of upper respiratory tract?
Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
90
Components of lower respiratory tract?
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
91
Name the 2 main sinuses
Maxillary sinus
Frontal sinus
92
Function of alveoli
Provide large surface area for the exchange of gases via diffusion across pulmonary membrane
93
Name the lobes of each lung
Left- 3: cranial, middle, caudal
Right- 4: criminal, accessory, middle, caudal
94
What is the pleural membrane and function
Serous membrane that forms a sac enclosing the lungs. Secretes serous fluid to lubricate and reduce friction during respiration
95
What is tidal volume?
Amount of air breathed in and out in one breath
Tidal volume= 10-15 x BW (kg)
96
What is minute volume?
Amount of air in and out of lungs in one minute
Minute volume= tidal volume x respiration rate
97
Residual volume
Air left in the lungs after forced expiration.
98
Inspiratory reserve volume
additional amount of air that can be inhaled using max effort after normal inspiration
99
Expiratory reserve volume
Additional amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled out after normal expiration
100
Dead space
Volume of air that never reaches alveoli
Equal to volume of bronchi bronchioles and trachea
101
Vital lung capacity
Total amount of air that can be expired after maximum inhalation
102
Total lung capacity
Maximum volume of gas in lungs after full inhalation
103
What main 3 muscles are used in respiration?
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
104
How does inspiration occur?
Diaphragm contracts & flatten
External intercostal muscles contract pulling ribs up and out
Volume of thoracic cavity increases and pressure decreases
Air drawn into the lungs
105
How does expiration occur?
Diaphragm relaxes and domes
External intercostal muscles relax, ribs move down and in
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases, pressure increases
Air forced out of lungs
PASSIVE
106
What main 2 systems control respiration?
Neural using neurones
Humoral using chemicals
107
How does neural control respiration?
Inspiration occurs lungs inflate which is detected by stretch receptors, which send an impulse to the inspiratory centre in the pons and medulla via the vagus nerves. Inhibits further inspiration and stimulates expiration.
108
What is the Hering-Bruer reflex?
Prevents over inflation of the lungs using stretch receptors
109
What 2 types of chemoreceptors are used in humoral control of respiration and what do they detect?
Peripheral- aortic bodies in aorta and carotid bodies in carotid artery - O2
Central- found in the medulla of brain - CO2 and changes in blood pH
110
Cranial/anterior
Towards skull/front
111
Caudal/posterior
Towards the tail/back end
112
Lateral
Side or outside
113
Medial
Middle/inside
114
Ipsilateral
On the same side
115
Contra lateral
Opposite side
116
Dorsal
Top/back
117
Ventral
Bottom/abdomen
118
Palmer
Underside of front paw
119
Plantar
Underside of back paw
120
Rostral
Towards nose
121
Proximal
Towards the centre body
122
Distal
Away from body (towards toes)
123
Superficial
Near surface
124
Deep
Deeper than surface towards centre
125
Median plane
Divides body into left and right
126
Sagittal plane
Any line parallel to median
127
Dorsal plane
Divide horizontally - top and bottom
128
Transverse plane
Perpendicular to long axis of animal - front and hind
129
What membrane lines body cavities?
Double Serous membrane that produces serous fluid
130
Name 2 layers of serous membrane
Visceral- inner
Parietal- outer
131
Name the 3 body cavities
Thoracic
abdominal
pelvic
132
How many body cavities do snakes have?
One - coelom
133
Thoracic cavity borders?
Cranial- thoracic inlet
Caudal- diaphragm
Dorsal- thoracic vertebrae
Ventral- sternum
134
Lining of the lungs
Pulmonary pleura
135
What is the mediastinum?
Area between the lungs - centre of thoracic cavity
136
Abdominal cavity borders?
Cranial- diaphragm
Caudal- pelvic opening
Dorsal- lumbar vertebrae
Ventral- abdominal muscles
137
Pelvic cavity borders
Cranial- pelvic inlet
Caudal- pelvic outlet
Dorsal- sacrum
Ventral- floor of pelvis/ pubis
138
Mitosis
Somatic cell division- growth, asexual reproduction, cell replacement
Produce diploid cells
Same genetic material as parents - one parent = two daughter
139
Meiosis
Germ cell division- sexual reproduction ( egg& sperm)
Haploid cells - half genetic material
4 non identical daughter cells
140
Stages of mitosis
Interphase- rest, dna copies
Prophase- chromosomes condense and come visible. Membrane disappears
Metaphase- chromosomes line up in middle of cell, spindle fibres attach
Anaphase- pulled apart to opposite ends of cell
Telophase- cytokinesis and new membrane forms
141
Meiosis
Interphase- rest
Prophase- dna copies, pair up, condenses
Metaphase- line in middle of cell and spindle fibre attach
Anaphase- chromosomes pull apart to opposite sides of cell
Telophase- cytokinesis, divides 2 cells formed
Prophase II- transition phase
Metaphase II- chromosome line up in middle, spindle fibres attach
Anaphase II- chromosomes pull apart
Telophase II- cytokinesis , divides cells again 4 formed, be membranes
142
How much fluid is intracellular?
2/3 or 40%
143
How much fluid is extracellular?
1/3 or 20%
144
What % of body weight is water?
60%
145
What is ECF comprised of?
Interstitial fluid- 3/4 or 15%
Plasma- 1/4 or 5%
Transcellular fluid- <1%
146
Fluid requirements for cats and dogs?
50ml/ kg/day
147
Fluid requirements for smallies?
100ml/kg/day
148
Fluid requirements for birds?
50ml/kg/day
149
Reptiles fluid requirements?
25ml/ kg/day
150
Normal urine output for dogs and cats?
1-2mls/kg/ hour
20mls/kg/day
151
Fluid loss through faeces in cats and dogs?
10-20mls/kg/day
152
Fluid loss through respiration and sweating in cats and dogs?
20mls/kg/day
153
What is normal blood pH?
7.35-7.45
154
What is a condyle
Rounded protuberance at end of the bone to attach to another bone
155
What is an epicondyle
Rough protuberance allows attachment for ligaments an tendons
156
What is a foramen
A hole within a bone
157
What is a fossa
A depression in a bone
158
What is a tubercule?
Small rounded part of bone
159
Tuberosity
Prominent area where tendons attach
160
6 types of synovial joints?
Hinge- elbow, knee
Ball and socket- hip
Pivot- atlas-axis neck
Condylar- wrist
Saddle- thumb
Gliding- tarsals and carpals
161
Which 3 muscles make up the hamstring
Biceps femoris
Semi membranous
Semi tendinous
