A&P 2 lecture slides

Question 1

Atomic number

Answer 1

number of protons

Question 2

Atomic mass

Answer 2

number of protons & neutrons

Question 3

The first shell contain

Answer 3

2 electrons max

Question 4

The second shell contains

Answer 4

8 electrons max

Question 5

The third shell contains

Answer 5

8 electrons max or 18 electrons max depends on the atomic number

Question 6

Covalent bonds

Answer 6

bonds between atoms where they share electrons

Question 7

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Answer 7

electrons are shared equally between atoms

Question 8

Polar Covalent Bonds

Answer 8

electrons are shared non-equally between atoms

Question 9

Ionic bonds

Answer 9

bond between two ions held together by transfer of electrons (attraction between a positively charged and a negatively charged atom)

Question 10

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 10

a weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen or nitrogen atom (usually between two different molecules)

Question 11

Ions are

Answer 11

atoms that have either a positive charge (cations) or a negative charge (anions)

Question 12

Chemical reaction

Answer 12

when reactants combine to produce one or more products

Question 13

There are three types of reactions

Answer 13

Decomposition reaction/ catabolic reaction – gives off energy

Synthesis reaction/anabolic reaction – requires input of energy

Exchange reaction

Question 14

Chemical reactions need activation energy in order to take place, special proteins called _______ can lower the activation energy which in turn speeds up the reaction

Answer 14

enzymes

Question 15

Inorganic compounds

Answer 15

do not contain hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) together as principle components

Question 16

Organic compounds

Answer 16

do contain hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) together as principle components (Four types 1. carbohydrates, 2. lipids, 3. proteins, 4. nucleic acids)

Question 17

Waters special 4 properties for the body

Answer 17

Solubility
Reactivity
High heat capacity
Lubrification

Question 18

What is Solubility

Answer 18

tendency for many substances to dissolve in water

Question 19

What is Reactivity

Answer 19

it permits chemical reactions to take place within it; it also participates in some reactions e.g. hydrolysis & dehydration

Question 20

What is High heat capacity

Answer 20

ability to absorb and retain heat

Question 21

What is Lubrification

Answer 21

reduces friction between opposing surfaces

Question 22

Electrolytes

Answer 22

soluble inorganic molecules, whose + and - ions conduct an electrical current

Question 23

Electrolytes are important for

Answer 23

nerve impulses, muscles, nerve propagation

Question 24

What are the 4 principal types of organic compounds

Answer 24

1. Carbohydrates (sugars)
2. lipids (fats)
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids

Question 25

what are Monomers

Answer 25

simple forms of organic compounds

Question 26

what are Polymers

Answer 26

complex forms of organic compounds

Question 27

Carbohydrates

Answer 27

are important sources of energy for the body. They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (C6 H12 O6 Glucose)

Question 28

Carbohydrates monomer is called

Answer 28

Monosaccharide

Question 29

Carbohydrates polymer is called

Answer 29

Polysaccharide (a long chain of monosaccharides)

Question 30

Lipids

Answer 30

includes fats, oils and waxes. Have a carbon to hydrogen ratio of 1:2 but the proportion of oxygen is much less. All are insoluble in water and form essential structures of cells such as the cell membrane

Question 31

What is lipids monomer and polymer

Answer 31

Monomer - Glycerol and fatty acids Polymer - Triglyceride

Question 32

5 Classes of Lipids

Answer 32

fatty acids steroids phospholipids glycolipids tryglycerides

Question 33

Fatty Acids

Answer 33

long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached. One end always has a carboxyl group (COOH), The other end has a hydrocarbon tail

Question 34

Two types of fatty acids

Answer 34

Saturated Unsaturated

Question 35

Saturated

Answer 35

every carbon holds maximum possible hydrogen atoms

Question 36

Unsaturated

Answer 36

some carbons do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to them

Question 37

Steroid lipids

Answer 37

are important components of cell membranes (e.g. cholesterol). These are structural steroids. Some steroids are hormones and regulate sexual function (testosterone, estrogens). These hormones are chemical signals that are released into our blood circulation

Question 38

Proteins

Answer 38

have important functions in the body and comprised of chains of amino acids units(their monomer)

Question 39

What is proteins monomer and polymer

Answer 39

Monomer - Amino acids Polymer - Polypeptide/Protein chain

Question 40

What are the 6 principal types of proteins

Answer 40

Structural Contractile Transport proteins Enzymes Buffering proteins Antibodies

Question 41

Amino acid monomers are joined together by chemical bonds known as

Answer 41

peptide bonds (these are covalent bonds)

Question 42

amino acid chains longer than about 100 amino acids are called

Answer 42

proteins

Question 43

Nucleic Acids

Answer 43

consist of nucleotides linked into chains or strands by the dehydration synthesis process

Question 44

What is nucleic acids monomer and polymer

Answer 44

Monomer - Nucleotide Polymer - DNA and RNA

Question 45

Nucleotides are composed of three molecules

Answer 45

a pentose sugar - either ribose, the sugar in RNA or deoxyribose, the sugar in DNA a single nitrogenous base, either -adenine (A); guanine (G); cytosine (C); thymine (T) or Uracil (U) a phosphate group

Question 46

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 46

To build a polymer by removing a molecule of H2O

Question 47

Hydrolysis

Answer 47

To break down polymers by adding a molecule of H2O

Question 48

Why do ionic bonds form

Answer 48

This is due to an attraction between positive and negative charges

Question 49

The capture, storage, and release of energy and includes all chemical reactions in the body is due to

Answer 49

Metabolism

Question 50

Organisms store energy in the form of

Answer 50

polysaccharides

Question 51

A fatty acids carboxyl end

Answer 51

associates with water (is hydrophilic)

Question 52

A fatty acids hydrocarbon tail

Answer 52

does not associate with water (is hydrophobic)

Question 53

Enzyme

Answer 53

special proteins that speed up (catalyze) specific reactions

Question 54

Substrates

Answer 54

molecules that interact with an enzyme to form products

Question 55

Active sites

Answer 55

sites on an enzyme to which substrates bind