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A&P 4 lecture slides Flashcards

1
Q

Define Biological Tissues

A

collections of specialized cells & cell products performing a specific function

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2
Q

What are the four principal types of biological tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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3
Q

What is the Epithelial tissue

A

layers of cells that covers exposed surfaces; lines internal passageways & chambers; forms glands

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4
Q

What is Connective tissue function

A

fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports material, stores energy reserves especially in the form of lipids, protects delicate organs, defend the body from invading microorganisms, surround and interconnect other types of tissues

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5
Q

What is Muscle tissue function

A

specialized for contraction and produces movement

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6
Q

What is Neural tissue function

A

carries information rapidly from one part of the body to another by electrical-type nerve impulses

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7
Q

What are glands

A

structures that produce fluid secretions (attached to or derived from epithelia)

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8
Q

What are the Epithelium characteristics

A

Cellularity: cells bound together by cell junctions
Polarity: upper parts and lower parts of cell has distinct structures and functions
Attachment: by means of a basal lamina (or basement membrane)
Avascular: no blood vessels
Regeneration: stem cells constantly replenish old and damaged cells

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9
Q

What are the functions of the Epithelial tissue

A

Physical Protection: from abrasion, dehydration, or damage from chemical or biological substances
Absorption: selective absorption and secretion
Sensation: large sensory nerve supply
Specialized Secretions: glandular epithelium secretes onto surface or interstitial fluid or the blood circulation

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10
Q

List the three types of cell junctions and their functions

A

Tight junctions - interlocking membrane proteins; no passage of H20 & solutes between cells (digestive tract)
Gap Junctions - interlocking channel proteins; ions and small molecules can pass (coordinate beating of cilia)
Desmosomes - durable interconnections of most epithelial cells; connection to underlying cytoskeleton (hold the epithelial cells of the skin together

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11
Q

Epithelial cells are held together by

A

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). These are transmembrane proteins forming junctions between cells

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12
Q

Two major types of glands and their functions

A

Endocrine Glands: release secretions (hormones) the bloodstream Exocrine Glands: release secretions into special ducts & open to epithelial surface

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13
Q

Three modes of secretion and how they happen

A

Merocrine secretion: secretion is released from vesicles by exocytosis
Apocrine secretion: the top portion of the cell accumulates vesicles and then breaks down
Holocrine secretion: the entire cell is packed with secretory vesicles and then the cell bursts

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14
Q

the cell in nerve tissue that transmits impulses is

A

The neuron

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15
Q

cells that help protect, nourish and support neurons are called

A

neuroglia

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16
Q

most neural tissue is found in

A

the brain and spinal cord (control centers)

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17
Q

Main tissue involved in repairing damaged tissue is

A

connective tissue

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18
Q

The main cells involved repairing damaged tissue is

A

Mast cells

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19
Q

What are the two phases in repairing damaged tissue

A

1) Inflammation
2) Regeneration

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20
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues

A

Skeletal Muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue

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21
Q

What are some characteristics of Skeletal Muscle tissue

A

Vertical striations
Many nuclei
Long cylindrical fibers
Voluntary
Has satellite cells which can divide to produce new muscle fibers if the fibers have been damaged

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22
Q

Where are Skeletal Muscle tissue located and what are their functions

A

It’s combined with connective tissues and nervous tissues in skeletal muscles
Function is to move or stabilize the position of the skeleton; guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts; generates heat; protects internal organs

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23
Q

What are some characteristics of Cardiac Muscle tissue

A

Short branched cells
Usually one nucleus
Limited repairing ability, repairs are incomplete
Vertical striations
Intercalated discs (special cell junctions) between cells
Involuntary

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24
Q

Where are Cardiac Muscle tissue located and what are their functions

A

Located in the heart
Functions to circulate blood; maintains blood (hydrostatic) pressure

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25
What are some characteristics of Smooth Muscle tissue
Short and spindle shaped cells No vertical striations Single and central nucleus Can regenerate if damaged Involuntary
26
Characteristics: Common to all Connective Tissues
Main cells are spaced apart from each other and are not joined closely together Extracellular Matrix is found in the space between cells which is made up of ground substance and protein fibers
27
What is ground substance in the extracellular matrix
the fluid, jell-like or hard substance surrounding cells clear viscous and colorless (a syrupy substance)
28
What are protein fibers in the extracellular matrix
long strands of protein fibers in the ground substance (collagen fibers, elastin fibers, reticular fibers)
29
Three major types of connective tissues and their functions
Connective tissue proper: binds, packs, and fills tissues (Loose and Dense) Fluid connective tissue: circulating connective tissue (Blood and Lymph) Supporting connective tissue: supports and protects (Bone and Cartilage)
30
Cells contained in connective tissue
fibroblasts are most common - produces protein fibers two of which are elastin and collagen (very plentiful) may contain macrophages - fight infection adipocytes - store triglycerides (fat) mesenchymal cells - stem cells that can turn into adipocytes, bone cells, or cartilage cells melanocytes - pigment producing cells mast cells - cause inflammation and regeneration of damaged connective tissue
31
What are the two fluid connective tissue
Blood fluid in cardiovascular system Lymph fluid in lymphatic system
32
What does blood fluid contain
Plasma – watery medium/ground substance Formed Elements: Red blood cells (erythrocytes; RBC) White blood cells (leukocytes; WBC) Platelets
33
What is lymph
extracellular fluid found in the lymphatic vessels
34
Lymph fluid components
mostly lymphocytes, macrophages and microphages
35
Function of lymph
Maintains levels of nutrients, removes wastes, and toxins; maintains blood volume, alerts immune system to infections in body
36
What are the two connective tissue proper
Loose and dense
37
What are the two supporting connective tissues
Cartilage & Bone
38
Describe cartilages extracellular matrix
a firm gel (ground substance) with embedded protein fibers
39
What are cartilage cells and where are they found
Chondrocytes are cartilage cells found in lacunae
40
Fibrous layer surrounding cartilage is called
perichondrium
41
Three types of cartilage are
Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage
42
Hyaline cartilage location and function
Located between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx, trachea and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum Function is to provide stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces
43
Elastic cartilage location and function
Located in auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx Function is to provide support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape
44
Fibrocartilage location and function
Pads within the knee joint; between pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs Functions to resist compression; prevents bone to bone contact; limits relative movement
45
Membranes function
membranes separate tissues and form barriers
46
What are membranes
are compound tissues (have both epithelial & connective tissue together)
47
Four types of membranes and their locations
mucous membrane; lines digestive, unrainy, reproductive and respiratory tracts. Is moist, secretes mucous serous membrane: lines the body cavities cutaneous membrane: cutaneous membrane is the skin synovial membrane; lines a joint cavity & provides synovial fluid to nourish and lubercate cartilage
48
What is fascia
sheets of connective tissue mostly made of collagen lying beneath the skin. It stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs
49
Adipose tissue location and function (loose connective)
Located deep in the skin; buttocks; breasts; padding around eyeballs and kidneys It provides padding and cushions shocks; insulates; stores energy reserves
50
Reticular tissue location and function (loose connective)
Locates in the liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow Provides supporting framework
51
Dense regular connective tissue location and function
Located between skeletal muscles and skeleton(tendons); between bones or stabilizing potions of internal organs(ligaments); covering skeletal muscles; deep fascia Provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles; stabilizes relative position of bones
52
Dense regular elastic tissue (connective) location and function
Located between vertebrae of the spinal column; ligaments supporting penis; ligaments supporting transitional epithelia; in blood vessel walls Stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis; cushions shocks; permits expansion and contraction of organs
53
Dense irregular connective tissue location and function
Located in capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondria; nerve and muscle sheaths; dermis Provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions; helps prevent overexpansion of organs such as the urinary bladder
54
What are the three simple epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium
55
What are the three stratified simple epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium
56
Simple squamous epithelium location and function
Locates in the mesothelia lining ventral body cavities; endothelia lining the heart and blood vessel; portions of kidneys tubules; inner lining of the cornea; alveoli of lungs Functions to reduce friction; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion
57
Simple cuboidal epithelium location and function
Located in the glands; ducts; portions of the kidney tubules; thyroid gland Functions is limited protection, secretion, absorption
58
Simple columnar epithelium location and function
Located in the lining of the stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubers and collection ducts of kidneys Function is protection, secretion and absorption Also contains microvilli
59
Stratified squamous epithelium location and function
Located in the surface if the skin, lining of the mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina Function is to provide physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attack
60
Transitional epithelium location and function
Located in the urinary bladder, renal pelvis; uterus Function is it permits expansion and recoil after stretching
61
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium location and function
Located in the lining of the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi; portions of the male reproductive tract Function is protection and secretion Also contains cilia

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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