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A&P 2 > A&P 2.8 - The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

A&P 2.8 - The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Blood - Characteristics

  • Type of tissue
  • Temperature
  • Volume in the body
  • Average weight
A
  • Connective tissue
  • 100.4 degrees
  • Males: 5-6 liters, Females: 4-5 liters
  • Blood makes 8% of body weight
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2
Q

Blood

List the functions of blood

A
  • Distribution
  • Regulation
  • Protection
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3
Q

Blood - Functions

Describe distribution

A

Transports O2, nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout the body

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4
Q

Blood - Functions

Describe regulation

A

Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating temperature, pH, and water balance (how much and where in the body)

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5
Q

Blood - Functions

Describe protection

A

Serves in immune defense against pathogens and aids clotting to prevent excessive bleeding

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6
Q

Blood

Composition

A
  • Plasma
  • Formed Elements
    **RBC
    **WBC
    **Platelets
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7
Q

Blood - Composition

Plasma

A
  • 55% of whole blood
  • 90% water
  • viscous, thick fluid
  • straw-colored from formed elements
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8
Q

Blood - Composition

Formed elements

A
  • 45% of whole blood
  • not always true cells
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9
Q

Blood - Composition - Formed Elements

Red blood cells

A
  • Cells that transport O2 and CO2 in blood
  • Contain hemoglobin for gas exchange
  • Grow and mature in the bone marrow

“Erythrocytes”

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10
Q

Blood - Composition - Formed Elements

White blood cells

A
  • True cells involved in immune system that defend the body against infections and foreign substances
  • Grow and mature in bone marrow and play a crucial role in the body’s defense mechanisms (phagocytosis)

“Leukocytes”

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11
Q

Blood - Composition - Formed Elements

Platelets

A
  • Half-moon shaped structures formed from by-products of RBC formation
  • They have a curve shape to accumulate around broken blood vessel walls

“Thrombocytes”

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12
Q

Hemostasis

Definition

A

The mechanism by which the bleeding of a blood vessel ceases

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13
Q

Hemostasis

List the phases

A
  • Vascular spasm
  • Platelet plug formation
  • Coagulation/blood clotting
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14
Q

Hemostasis - Phases

Vascular spasm

A

immediate narrowing of blood vessels o reduce blood flow to affected area => minimizing blood loss

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15
Q

Hemostasis - Phases

Platelet plug formation

A

Platelets adhere to site of injury forming a temporary “platelet plug” to seal small breaks in blood vessels

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16
Q

Hemostasis - Phases

Coagulation/blood clotting

A
  • Clotting factors activate formation of a stable blood clot reinforcing the platelet plug
  • This phase involves a complex series of biochemical reactions
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17
Q

The heart

  • Size
  • Weight
  • Location
  • Pericardium
  • Heart wall
A
  • About the size of a fist
  • Weighs less than 1#
  • Located within the mediastinum - the medial cavity of the thorax between the lungs.
    **Sits on the diaphragm
  • Pericardium
    **Fibrous
    **Serous
  • Heart wall
    **Epicardium
    **Myocardium
    **Endocardium
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18
Q

The Heart

Pericardium definition and function

A
  • Double-layered sac surrounding the heart
  • Provides protection and anchors the heart in the chest
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19
Q

The heart - Pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

A
  • Tough outer layer of pericardium that provides structural support and prevents overstretching of the heart
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20
Q

The heart - pericardium

Serous pericardium

A
  • Inner, thinner layer of pericardium
  • Consists of parietal & visceral layers
  • Produces pericardial fluid which reduces friction between the layers of the heart during contraction
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21
Q

The heart wall

List the layers

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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22
Q

The Heart Wall

Epicardium

A

Outer layer of heart wall which provides protection

Also known as the visceral layer of serous pericardium

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23
Q

The Heart Wall

Myocardium

A

Middle layer of heart wall consisting of muscle tissue for pumping blood

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24
Q

The Heart Wall

Endocardium

A
  • inner layer lining the chambers and valves
  • facilitates smooth blood flow
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25
# Anatomy of the Heart Chambers
- Atria - Ventricles
25
# Anatomy of The Heart List the major components of the heart
- Chambers - Valves - Major Vessels - Interventricular septum
26
# Anatomy of the Heart - Chambers Atria
- Receive blood -- Right: receives deoxygenated blood from all areas -- Left: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
27
# Anatomy of the Heart - Chambers Ventricles
- Expel blood -- Right: expels deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk -- Left: expels oxygenated blood into the aorta
28
# Anatomy of the Heart List the two major valve types
- Atrioventricular - Semilunar
29
# Anatomy of the Heart - Valves Atrioventricular (2)
- Tricuspid - Bicuspid
30
# Anatomy of the Heart - Valves - Atrioventricular Tricuspid
- Between the R atrium and R ventricle - Has 3 anchors
31
# Anatomy of the Heart - Valves - Atrioventricular Bicuspid
- Between the L atrium and L ventricle - Has 2 anchors | "mitral valve"
32
# Anatomy of the Heart - Valves Semilunar (2)
- Pulmonary semilunar - Aortic semilunar
33
# Anatomy of the Heart - Valves - Semilunar Pulmonary semilunar
Between R ventricle and pulmonary trunk
34
# Anatomy of the Heart - Valves - Semilunar Aortic semilunar
Between L ventricle and aorta
35
# Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels List the major vessels of the heart
- Pulmonary trunk - Pulmonary veins - Pulmonary arteries - Aorta - Superior vena cava - Inferior vena cava
36
# Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels Pulmonary trunk
Carries deoxygenated blood from R ventricle to pulmonary arteries
37
# Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels Pulmonary arteries
Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs
38
# Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels Pulmonary veins
Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to L atrium
39
# Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels Aorta
- Largest artery in the body - Carries blood to every cell
40
# Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels Superior vena cava
Delivers deoxygenated blood from all areas of the body above the diaphragm into the R atrium
41
# Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels Inferior vena cava
delivers deoxygenated blood from all areas of the body below the diaphragm to the R atrium
42
# Anatomy of the Heart Interventricular septum
wall between ventricles that serves as a pathway for nerve signals called action potentials
43
# The Heart Circulatory pathways (3)
- Coronary - Systemic - Pulmonary
44
# The Heart - Circulatory Pathways Coronary
- The heart's own pathway - Small holes in aorta open during relaxation of heart to allow blood to diffuse into vessels
45
# The Heart - Circulatory Pathways Systemic
From aorta to every cell in the body
46
# The Heart - Circulatory Pathways Pulmonary
From heart to lungs to heart
47
# Pathway of Blood Flow Through Heart List basic flow starting with R atrium
De-O2 blood enters R atrium -> tricuspid valve -> R ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs (CO2/O2 exchange) -> pulmonary veins -> L atrium -> bicuspid (mitral) valve -> L ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> O2 brought to every cell in body & exchanged with CO2 waste) -> de-O2 blood returns to R atrium via superior/inferior vena cava
48
# Cardiac Pathologies Angina Pectoralis
chest pain due to reduced blood flow to heart | " pain chest"
49
# Cardiac Pathologies Incompetent valves
heart valves that don't close properly causing backward blood flow
50
# Cardiac Pathologies Myocardial infarction
results from bloked blood flow to part of the heart muscle (myocardium) | "heart attack"
51
# The Intrinsic Conduction System List the two components of this system
- Autorhythmic (excitable) cells - Gap junctions
52
# The Intrinsic Conduction System Autorhythmic cells
heart cells with inherent pacemaker activity that can spontaneously depolarize
53
# The Intrinsic Conduction System Gap junctions
- channels allowing direct electrical communication between adjacent cells in heart - one stimulus resulting in 2 contractions
54
# The Intrinsic Conduction System Sinoatrial (SA) node
- heart's natural pacemaker - initiates electrical impulses that regulate the heart's beating - located in R atrium
55
# The Intrinsic Conduction System Atrioventricular (AV) node
- cluster of cells in the heart that slows down electrical impulses - allows atria to contract before ventricles to coordinate the heart's rhythmic pumping
56
# The Intrinsic Conduction System Atrioventricular bundle
specialized fibers transmitting electrical impulses from AV node to ventricles for synchronized heart contraction
57
# The Intrinsic Conduction System Bundle branches
carry eelctrical signals down L and R sides of heart's septum to aid in coordinated ventricular contraction
58
# The Intrinsic Conduction System Purkinje fibers
specialized cardiac muscle fibers that spread electrical impulses throughout ventricles
59
# Cardiac Vocabulary Tachycardia
- abnormally fast HR - 100+ bpm - A-fib = chaotic beating
60
# The Intrinsic Conduction System Bradycardia
- abnormally slow HR - 60bpm or less - can be normal with conditioned athletes
61
# The Cardiac Cycle Definition and duration
- All mechanical events associated with 1 complete heartbeat - ~0.8 seconds
62
# The Cardiac Cycle Systole
- contraction phase - Atrial = 0.1sec - Ventricular = 0.3 sec
63
# The Cardiac Cycle Diastole
- relaxation phase - 0.4 sec
64
# Heart Sounds List the different sounds (3) | Auscultation
- lubb (AV valves closing) - dubb/dupp (semilunar valves closing) - pause
65
# The Heart Cardiac Output: definition and formula
- Amout of blood expelled by ventricles per minute - stroke volume x BPM
66
# Cardiac Output Stroke volume: definition & average volume
- amount of blood expelled by ventricles per contraction - 70mL (2oz) blood
67
# Cardiac Output Average HR Healthy Adult (calculation based on avg BPM)
70mL (2oz) x 75bpm => 5250mL =5.25L blood/minute
68
# Cardiac Output - Regulation of Stroke Volume Starling's Law of the Heart
increased venous return = increased cardiac output decreased venous return = decreased cardiac output
69
# Cardiac Output - Regulation of Stroke Volume How does exercise affect this?
increases venous return
70
# Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR List the 3 categories/methods of HR regulation
- Autonomic nervous system (ANS) - Chemical - Physical factors
71
# Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR Describe how the ANS impacts HR
- Sympathetic state = increased HR - Parasympathetic state = decreased HR
72
# Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR Describe what chemicals may effect this and how so
- Thyroxin: hormone that controls metabolic function = increased HR - Adrenaline/Epinephrine = increased HR
73
# Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR What physical factors affect HR? (4)
- Temperature - Sex - Age - Exercise
74
# Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR - Physical Factors Describe temperature's affect on this
- Heat = increased HR - Cold = decreased HR
75
# Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR - Physical Factors Describe how sex affects this
Sex @ birth: - Male = 64-72bpm - Female = 72-80bpm
76
# Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR - Physical Factors Describe how age affects this
fetal HR = 140-160bpm
77
# Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR - Physical Factors Describe how exercise affects this
- increases HR temporarily - continuous conditioning can lower resting HR over time by improving output and efficiency
78
# Blood Vessels List the structures that compose a blood vessel wall
- Tunica intima - Tunica media - Tunica externa - Lumen - Valves
79
# Blood Vessel - Structures of the wall Tunica intima
- Innermost layer of vessel - Composed of epithelial cells for smooth blood flow - In direct contact w/ blood
80
# Blood Vessel - Structures of the wall Tunica media
- Intermediate layer - Composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers - Regulates vessel diameter
81
# Blood Vessel - Structures of the wall Tunica externa
- Outer layer - Made of CT - Provides support for blood vessels
82
# Blood Vessel - Structures of the wall Lumen
Central, hollow portion of blood vessel where blood flows
83
# Blood Vessel - Structures of the wall Valves
- Flap-like structures in veins - Prevent backward blood flow and ensures one-way circulation
84
# Blood Vessels - Arteries Characteristics
- Carry blood away from heart - Most carry O2 blood - Mostly deep - No valves - Higher BP than veins due to proximity to heart - Ticker tunica media layer
85
# Blood Vessels - Arteries Types
- Elastic - Muscular - Arterioles
86
# Blood Vessels - Artery Types Elastic
- Closest to heart - More elastic fibers to resist BP
87
# Blood Vessels - Artery Types Muscular
Serve the major organs
88
# Blood Vessels - Artery Types Arterioles
- Smallest type - Can re-route blood to a different area if needed (i.e. injury)
89
# Blood Vessels - Arteries Capillaries
- smallest of artery vessels - serve every cell of the body - Only have tunica intima - some are only one cell layer thick (allowing for gas exchange)
90
# Blood Vessels - Veins Characteristics
- Carry blood to the heart - Have valves - Most carry de-O2 blood - can be a blood reservoir (back of calves, blood pools here) - superficial + deep - less tunia medica and more tunica externa (increase in support to help fight gravity)
91
# Blood Vessels - Veins Types
Venules
92
# Blood Vessels - Vein Type Venules
- smallest veins - capillaries merge into them to carry CO2 away
93
# Blood Vessels - Veins Venous return is aided by...? (3)
- skeletal muscle pump - respiratory pump - swedish massage
94
# Blood Vessels - Veins Describe how skeletal muscle pumps aid venous return
- contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle aids blood flow towards the heart - particularly helpful in extremities
95
# Blood Vessels - Veins Describe how the respiratory pump aids in venous return
- changes in thoracic pressure during breathing assist blood flow back to the heart due to diaphragm movement - diaphragm depressin during exhale compresses the abomdinal cavity and increases pressure
96
# Blood Vessels - Veins Swedish massage
Theorhetically increases venous return during centripetal, effleurage strokes
97
# Blood Vessels - Vein Vocabulary Thrombus
blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel causing a blockage while still attached to b.v. wall
98
# Blood Vessels - Vein Vocabulary Embolus
- A detached clot or material that travels through the blood stream - capable of causing a blockage at a distant site within the body
99
# Blood Vessels - Vein Vocabulary Varicosity
- abnormal dilation of veins - marked by twisted, swollen vesssels due to weakened valves and impaired blood flow
100
Arterial Pulse
- Physical palpation of expansion and recoil of superficial arteries - Often sites used: Radial wrist (radial artery) & carotid (more popular in eastern medicine)
101
Define blood pressure
- Force exerted inside of blood vessels by contraction - Average should be ~120/80bpm
102
# Blood Pressure How to measure - 2 parts
- Systolic - Diastolic
103
# Blood Pressure Define systolic
contraction of ventricles
104
# Blood Pressure Define diastolic
relaxation of ventricles
105
# Blood Pressure List the factors that effect BP
- condition of blood vessel walls (firmer walls need more force) - ANS - Renal factors (enzyme renin prodcued by kidneys to control water balance of blood in order to maintain proper viscosity) - Temperature: cold = increased BP, hot = decreased blood pressure - Hormones: Thyroxine & epinephrine increase BP - Diet: out of scope for MTs

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