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A&P 2 > A&P2.14 - The Digestive System > Flashcards

A&P2.14 - The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Made of 4 quadrants, list each and the organs they contain

A

URQ
- liver
- gall bladder
- part of small & lrg intestines

ULQ
- stomach
- spleen
- pancreas
- part of small & lrg intestines

LRQ + LLQ
- Part of small & lrg intestines
- urinary bladder, reproductive organs

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2
Q

Digestive System

Describe the gastrointestinal tract

A
  • Continuous tube that’s open to outside of body
  • begins with mouth and continues to pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm intestine, lrg intestine, rectum and anus
  • lined with mucous membrane
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3
Q

Digestive System - Functions

List the different functions of this system

A
  • Ingestion
  • Propulsion
  • Mechanical digestion
  • Chemical digestion
  • Absorption
  • Excretion
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4
Q

Digestive System - Functions

Describe ingestion

A

taking food in through mouth

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5
Q

Digestive System - Functions

Describe propulsion

A
  • movement of food through digestive tract
  • deglutition or peristalsis
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6
Q

Digestive System - Functions - Propulsion

Describe deglutition

A

swallowing

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7
Q

Digestive System - Functions - Propulsion

Describe peristalsis

A

slow, wave-like, involuntary movement using smooth muscle contraction

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8
Q

Digestive System - Functions

Describe mechanical digestion

A
  • the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles
  • 3 processes
    ** Mastication
    ** Churning
    ** Segmentation
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9
Q

Digestive System - Functions - Mechanical Digestion

Describe mastication

A

chewing

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10
Q

Digestive System - Functions - Mechanical Digestion

Describe churning

A
  • alternating waves of peristalsis occuring only in the stomach
  • used to swirl food particles in order to coat in digestive juices
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11
Q

Digestive System - Functions - Mechanical Digestion

Describe segmentation

A

slow form of peristalsis which keeps food in one area as it compresses and breaks it down
- allows more time for absorption

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12
Q

Digestive System - Functions

Describe chemical digestion

A

the addition of enzymes & digestive juices to chemically break down food

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13
Q

Digestive System - Functions

Describe absorption

A
  • occurs through mucous membranes
  • uptake of mechanical digestion by-products into blood (everything but dietary fat which is taken up by lacteals)
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14
Q

Digestive System - Functions

Describe defecation

A

elimination of indigestible solid food and waste prodcuts

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15
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy

List the different structures of this system

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
    ** liver
    ** gall bladder
    ** pancreas
  • large intestine (colon)
  • rectum
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16
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth

Accessory Organs

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
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17
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Accessory Organs

Teeth

A

grind- shred and tear food into small pieces

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18
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Accessory Organs

Tongue

A
  • moves food around mouth to help form a ball (bolus)
  • made of skeletal muscle, taste buds and mucus producing glands
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19
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Accessory Organs

Salivary Glands

A
  • add digestive enzymes to food
  • cleanse mouth
  • moisten food
  • some antibacterial properties
  • 3 locations
    ** submandibular (underside of mandible)
    ** sublingual (under tongue)
    ** parotid (between masseter + skin anterior to ear)
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20
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth

Functions

A
  • ingestion
  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
  • absorption
  • deglutition
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21
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions

Mechanical digestion

“muscles of mastication”

A
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • medial pterygoids
  • lateral pterygoids

“muscles of chewing”

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22
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions

Muscles of Mastication - Temporalis

A

covers temporal bone and runs to mandible

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23
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions

Muscles of Mastication - Masseter

A

zygomatic arch and maxilla to mandible

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24
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions

Muscles of Mastication - Medial pterygoids

A
  • deep to masseter
  • run from maxilla to medial mandible
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25
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions Muscles of Mastication - Lateral pterygoids
- deep to medial pterygoids - run from sphenoid bone & articular disc + condyle of TMJ to mandible
26
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions Chemical Digestion
- Enzymes mix w/ food in mouth - 3 parts: ** enzymes ** carb digestion ** bolus
27
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions - Chemical Digestion Enzymes
salivary amylase
28
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions - Chemical Digestion Carb Digestion
salivary amylase breaks down complex carbs in mouth
29
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions - Chemical Digestion Bolus
food mixed w/ saliva and shaped in ball to be swallowed
30
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions Absorption
limited to sublingual medications like nitroglycerin (vasodilator)
31
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions Deglutition
- swallowing - involves 22 pairs of muscles
32
# Digestive System - Anatomy Pharynx
skeletal muscle tube that delivers bolus to esophagus
33
# Digestive System - Anatomy Layers of GI Tract Walls
- begins at esophagus - run throughout large intestine adjusting as needed depending on the organ - 4 layers: ** mucosa ** submucosa ** muscularis ** serosa
34
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Layers of the Walls of the GI Tract Mucosa
- innermost epithelial lining of GI tract - in contact w/ food - scretes mucus - absorbs nutrients - provides protection
35
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Layers of the Walls of the GI Tract Submucosa
moderately dense CT lyr containing blood vessels, nerves & lymphatics
36
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Layers of the Walls of the GI Tract Muscularis
- smooth ms layer responsible for peristalsis - forms spheres in some regions
37
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Layers of the Walls of the GI Tract Serosa
- outermost layer of CT - protective and anchors digestive organs to posterior abdominal wall
38
# Digestive System - Anatomy Esophagus
- ~10" long - smooth ms tube that delivers bolus to stomach - runs thru medistinum + diaphragm - sphincter separates stomach & esophagus
39
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Esophagus Peristalsis
- moves bolus thru esophagus and into stomach - can be reversed to vomit
40
# Digestive System - Anatomy Stomach
- ~10" long - can be filled up to 1 gallon - acts as storage tank for food
41
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach Location
- ULQ - anterior to spleen - inferior to diaphragm
42
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach Regions
- cardiac - fundus - body - pylorus
43
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Regions Cardiac Region
- location of cardiac sphincter - uppermost region of stomach just adjacent to heart
44
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Regions Fundus
- lateral "aterior arch" protion - adptable/expandible portion - where air/gas sits above juices
45
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Regions Body
- the rest of the stomach - produces gastric jucies
46
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Regions Pylorus
- location of pyloric sphincter - releases 3oz of fluid (thick, white paste) @ a time into small intestine
47
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach Functions
- mechanical digestion - chemical digestion - absorption
48
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Functions Mechnical Digestion
- churning of food to coat in digestive enzymes ** 3 layers of muscularis --> compared to 1 layer in rest of GI tract --> layers alternate directions to create churning
49
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Functions Chemical Digestion
stomach lining creates digestive juices - HCl - Chyme - Protein digestion
50
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Functions - Chemical Digestion HCl
- hydrochloric acid ** very acidic ** pH = 1.5 ---> creates environment where proteins can be digested and microorganisms are killed
51
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Functions - Chemical Digestion Chyme
addition of digestive juices to bolus => paste
52
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Functions - Chemical Digestion Protein Digestion
can only be done in an acidic environment which breaks the peptide bonds holding them together
53
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Functions Absorption
limited here except for: - aspirin --> can irritate lining - alcohol --> effects felt quickly + disrupts protective lining
54
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach Protective Stomach Lining
- thick mucosa layer - tight junctions --> "zipper" keeping lined cells together - regeneration of stomach lining every 3-6 days
55
# Digestive System - Anatomy Small Intestine
- responsible for 90% of all nutrient absorption - food spends 3-6 hours here
56
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine Location
- From pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve - all 4 quadrants of abpelvic cavity - hangs curled up in abdominal cavity suspended from mesentery
57
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine Regions
- duodenum - jejunum - ileum
58
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Regions Duodenum
- where majority of absorption takes place - ~1ft - highest concentration of villi & microvilli
59
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Regions Jejunum
- ~7ft - less villi & microvilli => decreased absorption
60
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Regions Ileum
- ~10ft - even less villi & microvilli for absorption - high mucus production to keep things moving as it dries due to water reabsorption - ileocecal valve
61
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Internal Anatomy Circular Folds
- cause food to swirl and remain in SI - allows more nutrient absorption due to increase SA
62
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Internal Anatomy Villi
- finger-like projections off of circular folds along inside walls of SI - house microvilli
63
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Internal Anatomy Microvilli
- tiny, hair-like projections of plasma membrane off of villi - increase SA for better absorption - give "brush-like" appearance to this tissue thus dubbed "brush border"
64
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Internal Anatomy Lacteals
- present within circular folds - absorb dietary fats and deliver them to the lymphatic flow
65
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine Functions
- mechanical digestion - chemical digestion - absorption - propulsion
66
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Functions Mechanical Digestion
Segmentation - a slow peristalsis that alternates to force material to slow down for better absorption
67
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Functions Chemical Digestion
- proteins, fats & carbs - brush border enzymes
68
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Functions Chemical Digestion - Proteins, Fats & Carbs
all broken down @ this level
69
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Functions Chemical Digestion - Brush Border Enzymes
- produced by brush border to break down all food types - Enzymes ("-ase") break everything dow into glucose -- Lactase => lactose -- Sucrase => sucrose -- Maltase => maltose -- Pepsin => peptides => amino acids | protein => peptide => amino acids
70
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Functions Absorption
All nutrient types are absorbed here and brought to liver via hepatic portal circulation (except dietary fats)
71
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Functions Propulsion
Peristalsis occurs here w/ slow segmentation for maximum absorption
72
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine Accessory Organs
- liver - gall bladder - pancreas
73
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Accessory Organs Liver
Has 200 functions - only digestive function is to produce bile
74
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Accessory Organs Liver -> Bile
yellow/green pigmented substance capable of breaking down fat into usable droplets
75
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Accessory Organs -Liver Location
URQ inferior to diaphragm
76
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Accessory Organs - Liver Structures/Functions
- hepatic duct --> delivers bile to common bile duct - hepatic portal circulation --> nutrients are absorbed from SI & delivered to liver via portal vein
77
# Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Accessory Organs Gall bladder
- storage tank for bile --> excess bile can back up into this and become dehydrated for future use - bile is delivered to common bile duct & secreted into SI
78
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Smll Intestine - Accessory Organs - Gall Bladder Location
Underneath the liver in URQ
79
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Smll Intestine - Accessory Organs - Gall Bladder Functions
- Cystic Duct --> delivers excess bile into gallbladder - common bile duct --> delivers bile from common hepatic & cystic ducts into SI
80
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Smll Intestine - Accessory Organs Pancreas
Largest endocrine gland
81
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Smll Intestine - Accessory Organs - Pancreas Location
- ULQ - Posterior to stomach - Extends posteriorly from SI
82
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Smll Intestine - Accessory Organs - Pancreas Products & Functions
- Hormones --> produce insulin & glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels - digestive enzymes -->create: --->pancreatic amylase (carb digestion) --->lipase (fat digestion) --->trypsin (protein digestion) - pancreatic duct --> delivers enzymes from pancreas into SI
83
# Dig. System - Anatomy Large Intestine
"colon"
84
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine Location
- borders SI on 3 sides - Runs from ileocecal valve to rectum
85
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine Regions
- cecum --> appendix - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus --> internal sphincter --> external sphincter
86
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Regions Cecum --> Appendix
filled with lymthatic tissue
87
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Regions Rectum
- distal region of LI - signals urge to defecate
88
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Regions Anus --> Internal & External Sphincters
- internal - automatically releases - external - we control
89
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine Functions
- Mechanical Digestion - Chemical digestion - Propulsion - Defecation
90
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Functions Mechanical Digestion
- very slow form of segmentation occuring in haustra - allows time for bacterai to act on insoluble fiber
91
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Functions Chemical Digestion
governed by gut flora (bacteria) which act on insoluble materials not acted on by SI => produce vitamins & methane gas (farts)
92
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Functions Propulsion
very slow segmentation occurs every 30 minutes
93
# Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Functions Defecation
Emptying of LI occurs 1-3x per day
94
# Digestive Process The food we eat is divided into 3 categories:
- starch/carbohydrates - Fats/lipids - Proteins
95
# Digestive Process - Food Categories Starch/Carbs
- Must be broken down into glucose to be used by the body as this is our primary fuel source (glucose) --> Glucose is stored by liver and muscle as glycogen => eventually broken down into ATP - Begin digestion in the mouth from salivary amylase - Not digested in the stomach - Digestion finishes in SI from brush border enzymes and pancreatic enzyme amylase
96
# Digestive Process - Food Categories Fats/Lipids
- Must be broken down into fatty acids & glycerol to be used by the body - Fats provide us with protection, insulation and an alternative fuel source - Begin digestion in SI where bile from liver emulsifies into smaller fat droplets - Lipase from pancreas breaks fown droplets in fatty acids and glycerol to be absorbed --> some go to liver for synthesis --> some absorbed by lacteals for drainage into bloodstream ----> used by cells for fuel & plasma membranes
97
# Digestive Process - Food Categories Proteins
- must be broken down into amino acids to be used by the body - proteins are used as building blocks for the body providing tissue maintenance and growth - Break down begins in stomach as broken down into peptides by enzyme pepsin - SI, peptides broken into amino acids by brush border enzyme peptidase and pancreatic enzyme trypsin - AAs absorbed and sent to liver for use
98
# Digestive System Vitamins
- organic (carbon based) compounds essential for metabolic function - the only vitamin we produce is vitamin D - water soluble vs fat soluble
99
# Digestive System - Vitamins Water Soluble
can dissolve and be excreted in water - vitamins B & C
100
# Digestive System - Vitamins Fat Soluble
Dissolbe in fat & can accumulate - vitamins A, D, E & K
101
# Digestive System Minerals
Inorganic compounds essential for metabolic function - must be retrieved from diet --> magnesium --> zinc --> selenium
102
# Digestive System Water distribution and intake
- intake ~40% from food - 2/3 intracellular vs 1/3 extracellular at a given time
103
# Digestive System Metabolism
the sum of all chemical processes within a living organism needed to maintain life - anabolism - catabolism
104
# Digestive System - Metabolism Anabolism
building molecules AA -> peptides -> proteins
105
# Digestive System - Metabolism Catabolism
breaking down molecules proteins -> peptides -> amino acids

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