A&P2.12 - Urinary System Flashcards by Alicia Mackewicz

Urinary System

List the major structures/organs of this system

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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Urinary System

List the major processes and important aspects of this system

Urine production
Urine
Micturition
Water balance
Electrolytes

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What are the kidneys?

functional unit of the urinary system

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Kidneys

Describe the size, shape and location of these structures

Size: 4-5” long (bar of soap)

Shape: kidney bean shape

Location: Inferior, posterior rib cage
* L side slightly higher/R slightly lower due to the liver sitting above it

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Kidneys

List the different functions

Regulation:
** Blood volume and composition
** Blood pH
** Blood pressure
Stimulation of red blood cell production

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Functions of the Kidney

Blood volume and composition

Cells in hypothalamus sense changes in solute concentration of blood & stimulate kidney to respond
increased concentration = retain H20
decreased concentration = expel H20

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Functions of the Kidney

Regulation of blood pH

By excreting or holding onto H+ ions, kidneys regulate blood’s pH

Acidic = expel H+
Basic = retain H+

Body pH range is 7.35-7.45

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Functions of the Kidney

Regulation of Blood Pressure

Kidneys can affect fluid volume of blood which determines blood pressure.
Kidneys also secrete renin (enzyme) to induce vasoconstriction when BP is low

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Functions of the Kidney

Stimulation of RBC Production

Kidneys produce erythropoetin (hormone) that stimulates RBCs in red bone marrow => increased availability of hemoglobin

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Kidneys - External Anatomy

List the different structures involved

Renal hilus
Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia

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Kidneys - External Anatomy

Renal hilus

Vertical cleft on medial side of kidney
Entrance for blood vessels, nerves & tubes

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Kidneys - External Anatomy

Renal capsule

Outer covering of CT that surrounds kidney and protects against infection (or spreading of)

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Kidneys - External Anatomy

Adipose capsule

covering of adipose tissue on outside of renal capsule
Provides cushion & insulation for kidneys
Anchors kidney to posterior abdominal wall

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Kidneys - External Anatomy

Renal fascia

Outermost layer of CT that runrs through the adipose capsule
Creates structure and groups kidneys to adrenal glands

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Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

List the 3 distinct regions of the internal kidney

Cortex
Medulla
Pelvis

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Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

List all of the structures involved in this region

Renal cortex
Renal medulla/pyramids
Minor calyces
Major calyces
Renal pelvis

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Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

Renal cortex

Outermost region of internal portion
Contains bulk of nephron

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Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

Renal medulla/pyramids

Deep to cortex
Contains urine and collecting tubes

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Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

Minor calyces

Urine drains from collecting tubes (specifically from renal papillae) into these structures and then drains into major calyces

Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

Major calyces

Receive urine from minor calyces before draining into renal pelvis

Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

Renal pelvis

Lateral to hilus
A smooth ms, funnel-shaped tube that leads into ureters
Peristalsis (automatic smooth ms contraction) occurs here

Kidney

Blood Supply

Kidneys need healthy blood spply to monitor and regulate
25% of cardiac output will arrive @ kidneys via renal arteries
Once filtered, blood is delivered back to the heart via inferior vena cava

Kidney

Nephron

Made up of blood vessels and tubes
Produces urine
Each kidney has over 1 million
Made up of 2 regions
** Glomerulus
** Renal tubule

Kidney - Nephron

Glomerulus

A collection of blood capillaries
Blood filtratin occurs here
Runs on hydrostatic pressure from blood pressure

# Kidney - Nephron Renal Tubule

- 1.25" long - Made of 5 parts - A tube of epithelial tissue which collects by-product of filtered blood => makes adjustments to produce urine

# Kidney - Nephron - Renal Tubule List the 5 regions of this structure

- Glomerular capsule - Proximal convoluted tubule - Loop of Henle or Nephron loop - Distal convoluted tubule - Collecting tubes

# Kidney - Nephron - Renal Tubule - 5 Parts Glomerular Capsule

Epithelial capsule surrounding glomerulus

# Kidney - Nephron - Renal Tubule - 5 Parts Collecting Tubes

Collect urine and deliver it to minor and major calyces

# Urine Production List the 3 steps of this process

- Glomerular filtration - Tubular reabsorption - Tubular secretion

# Urine Production Glomerular Filtration

- Blood is filtered through glomerulus by hydrostatic pressure - Water & solutes are removed - Formed elements & proteins remain in blood

# Urine Production Tubular Reabsorption

- 99% of H20 is reabsorbed back into blood along w/ some organic elements and electrolytes - Only 1% of filtrate reamins

# Urine Production Tubular Secretion

Some waste still remaining in blood is secreted into renal tubule

Describe urine and some basic facts/characteristics of it

- Clear, yellowish fluid - 95% water w/ electrolytes, wastes, uric acid & some drugs - 1-2L expelled per day - Solutes we should not see: ** RBCs (bleeding) ** WBCs (infection) **Protein (pregnancy, high BP) ** High glucose (diabetes)

Ureters

- Long, thin tubes that drain urine from renal pelvis & bring to urinary bladder - Outer layer is a smooth ms (peristalsis) which contracts every 10-20 seconds

Urinary Bladder

- Posterior to pubic symphysis - A smooth ms, collapsible sac - Stores 800-1,000mL of urine - Urge to urinate occurs around 200mL to give us time in case unable to go immediately - Stretch of walls causes internal sphincter to relax; we can control external sphincter

Urethra

- Mucous membrane lined structure that carries urine to outside of the body - MM lining helps to prevent infection

Define micturition

Urination

# Water Balance List the different aspects of this

- Amount of H20 in body - Muscle vs. fat - Sources of water - Elimination of water

# Water Balance Amout of H20 in Body

Average adult has about 40L of H20 in the body at any given time

# Water Balance Muscle vs. Fat

Muscle = 65% H20 Fat = 20% H20

# Water Balance This is a constant, ever-changing balance because...

Water is constantly moving back and forth between two main compartments of the body (always following salt and protein): - intracellular - extracellular ## Footnote Intracellular = 2/3 of 40L distributed w/in cells Extracellular = 1/3 of 40L outside of cells as interstitial fluid

# Water Balance Sources of Water

- Liquids consumed = 60% - Food = 30# - Metabolism = 10% (byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration)

# Water Balance Elimination of Water

Determind by osmotic pressure flow of H20 from high to low concentration

Electrolytes

Charged particles necessary for conduction of electrical signals ## Footnote Ex: - Sodium - Magnesium - Potassium

# Massage & The Urinary System Massage over kidneys

Deep pressure and tapotement are precautionary

# Massage & The Urinary System Massage and dialysis

Increased venous return may add additional stress to kidneys Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) is contraindicated to as not to overload kidneys and heart