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A&P 2 > A&P2.11 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

A&P2.11 - Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Functional Anatomy of Respiration

List the anatomical structures assosciated with this system

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
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2
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

List the two major categories of the nose and list the structures that comprise them

A

External: Nasal bones & hyaline cartilage
Internal: ethmoid bone

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3
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

List the functions of the nose

A
  • provides an airway
  • warms and moistens air
  • filters air
  • olfactory sense
  • resonating chamber for speech
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4
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

List the parts of the nose

A
  • Nasal septum
  • olfactory and respiratory mucosa
  • nasal conchae
  • paranasal sinuses
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5
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

Describe what comprises the nasal septum

A
  • anterior, cartilage portion
  • perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
  • vomer
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6
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

Describe the olfactory and respiratory mucosa of the nose

A
  • Roof of the nose is lined with olfactory (scent) receptors
  • The rest is lined with ciliated mucosa to trap and move debris
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7
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

List/describe the parts of the nasal conchae and their purpose

A
  • superior & middle (ethmoid markings)
  • inferior (separate)
  • increase surface area of nasal cavity to help swirl, warm and moisten air
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8
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

Describe the paranasal sinuses

A
  • open cavities in bone which resonate for speech & lighten skull
  • mucus produced here travels into nasal cavity
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9
Q

Functional Anatomy

Describe the pharynx

A
  • 4-5” long skeletal muscle tube
  • Connects the nose to the larynx
  • has 3 subsections

“throat”

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10
Q

Functional Anatomy - Pharynx Subsections

Describe the nasopharynx

A
  • connects nose and oropharynx
  • tonsils present
  • auditory tubes
  • cilia
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11
Q

Functional Anatomy - Pharynx Subsections

Oropharynx

A
  • Connects mouth and pharynx
  • tonsils present
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12
Q

Functional Anatomy - Pharynx Subsections

Laryngopharynx

A

connects oropharynx and larynx

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13
Q

Functional Anatomy - Pharynx

List the functions of the pharynx

A
  • common pathway for air and food
  • equalizes pressure (auditory tubes)
  • houses tonsils
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14
Q

Functional Anatomy - Larynx

List the functions of the larynx

A
  • airway
  • switching mechanism
  • speech
  • cilia traps debris
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15
Q

Functional Anatomy - Functions of the Larynx

Airway

A

hyaline cartilage maintains open airway

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16
Q

Functional Anatomy - Functions of the Larynx

Switching mechanism

A

routes food down appropriate pathway (esophagus)

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17
Q

Functional Anatomy - Functions of the Larynx

Speech

A

created when air passes through the vocal cords

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18
Q

Functional Anatomy - Functions of the Larynx

Cilia

A

ciliated mucous mebranes that move mucous blanket up away from lungs to be swallowed or coughed out

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19
Q

Functional Anatomy - Larynx

List the parts of the larynx

A
  • thyroid cartilage
  • epiglottis
  • glottis
  • vocal cords
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20
Q

Functional Anatomy - Parts of the Larynx

Thyroid cartilage

A

thick cartilage plate that serves to protect the structures of this area

“Adam’s apple”

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21
Q

Functional Anatomy - Parts of the Larynx

Epiglottis

A
  • guards the airway
  • piece of elastic cartilage that closes over the glottis during swallowing
  • Can trigger cough reflex
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22
Q

Functional Anatomy - Parts of the Larynx

Glottis

A

opening at the top of the larynx

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23
Q

Functional Anatomy - Parts of the Larynx

Vocal cords

A

True Cords:
- elastic ligaments attached to skeletal muscle
- More tension = higher pitch

False cords:
- located just outside the true cords
- create sound against pressure

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24
Q

Functional Anatomy

Trachea

Study These Flashcards
A

4-5” long tube from larynx to lungs

“wind pipe”

25
# Functional Anatomy - Trachea List the functions
- airway - cilia
26
# Functional Anatomy - Functions of the Trachea Airway
cartilage rings maintain an open airway
27
# Functional Anatomy - Functions of the Trachea Cilia
move mucous blanket up to be swallowed or coughed out
28
# Functional Anatomy - Parts of the Trachea Cartilage rings
- hyaline cartilage semi-circles - keep airway open and allow for expansion of esophagus
29
# Functional Anatomy - Lungs Describe the lungs
- Fill most of thoracic cavity from clavicles to diaphragm - primary location of CO2 and O2 exchange
30
# Functional Anatomy - Lung Compartments List the two compartments and their differences
Right: 3 lobes Left: 2 lobes (leaving room for the heart)
31
# Functional Anatomy - Lungs Describe the different parts of the pleural (serous) membranes
- parietal pleura - visceral pleura - pleural cavity and fluid
32
# Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Pleural Membranes Parietal pleura
- lines the cavity and superior face of diaphragm - continues around the heart and between lungs
33
# Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Pleural Membranes Visceral pleura
An extension of parietal pleura which covers the outside of the lungs
34
# Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Pleural Membranes Pleural cavity and fluid
- space between the parietal and visceral pleura - filled with serous fluid - reduces friction
35
# Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Bronchial Tree Describe this structure
Trachea divies into left & right branches before entering the lungs
36
# Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Bronchial Tree Describe the conducting zone
Passage of tubes which bring air to and from the lungs
37
# Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Bronchial Tree - Conducting Zone List the components of this structure
- Primary bronchii: enter the lungs - Secondary bronchii: 1st branches in lung - Tertiary bronchii: 2nd branches in lung - Bronchioles - Terminal bronchioles
38
# Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Bronchial Tree Describe the respiratory zone
Begins at the end of the terminal branchioles
39
# Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Bronchial Tree - Respiratory Zone List the components of this structure
- Respiratory bronchioles: branch off of terminal bronchioles - Alveolar ducts: winding smooth muscle ducts - Alveoli: functional unit of the lungs --> Approximately 300 million per lung --> Made of thin epithelium which allows for gaseous exchange with blood capillaries --> Contains surfactant *** Mixture of phospholipids and proteins *** Decreases surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse
40
# Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Bronchial Tree List the characteristics which change as air flow progresses along the branchial tree
Decreases: - Cilia - Cartilage rings - Mucus production Increases: - Elastic tissue - Macrophages - Smooth muscle - Lymphoid nodules
41
# Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) What is the avg breaths/min for a healthy adult?
12-16 breaths/min
42
# Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) List the two phases
- inspiration/inhalation - expiratoin/exhalation
43
# Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) List & describe the two mechanisms of inhalation
- Diaphragmatic - deep abdominal breaths w/ diaphragm contraction to increase thoracic volume - Costal - shallow breaths w/ external costals lifting the rib cage & sternum to increase thoracic volume
44
# Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) Describe expiration/exhalation
Passive relaxation of the diaphragm and/or external intercostals
45
# Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) List the specific types of respiration and the muscles they involve
- Inhalation: Diaphragm & ext. intercostals - Exhalation: Relaxing of diaphragm + ext. intercostals - Forced inhalation: Diaphragm, ext. intercostals, scalenes and SCM all contract - Forced exhalation: Int. intercostals + abdominals all contract
46
# Physiology of Respiration List the different aspects of this
- Pressure relationships - Boyle's Law - Respiratory process as defined by Boyles Law & pressure relationships
47
# Physiology of Respiration Describe pressure relationships and list the different aspects of it
Breathing depends on pressure dynamics between environment, inside lungs, and between pleural membranes - atmospheric - intrapulmonary - intrapleural
48
# Physiology of Respiration - Pressure Relationships Atmospheric
- 760mmHg @ sea level - Respiration is always calculated against atmospheric pressure
49
# Physiology of Respiration - Pressure Relationships Intrapulmonary
- Pressure within the lungs/alveoli - Rises and falls w/ each breath trying to maintain balance w/ atmospheric pressure
50
# Physiology of Respiration - Pressure Relationships Intrapleural
- Pressure within pleural cavity - Always less than pressure w/in lungs to keep lungs inflated
51
# Physiology of Respiration Boyle's Law
When temperature is consistent: pressure of a gas is inversely related to volume | high pressure = low volume, low pressure = high volume
52
# Physiology of Respiration Respiratory process as defined by Boyle's Law and pressure relationships
Inhalation: diaphragm contracts and pulls down on lungs while ext. intercostals elevate the rib cage => increasing thoracic volume and decreasing pressure => air flows into lungs Exhalation: diaphragm and ext. intercostals relax thus decreasing lung volume and increasing pressure => air flows from high to low atmospheric pressure (aka out of lungs)
53
# Physiology of Respiration - Vocabulary Hypoxia
- Low levels of O2 delivery to tissues - Can be due to anemia, pulmonary disease, impaired circulation or sudden increase in altitude
54
# Physiology of Respiration - Vocabulary Eupnea
Normal respiration rate (~12-16 breaths/min)
55
# Physiology of Respiration - Vocabulary Apnea
- Cessation of breathing - Can also be a result of anxiety or a larger body w/ more weight that's needed to be moved in diaphragmatic respiration when in supine
56
# Factors Affecting Respiration List the categories of factors that affect respiration
- Muscles - Emotional state - Condition(s) - Other
57
# Factors Affecting Respiration Muscles
Diaphragm or intercostals may be inflexible
58
# Factors Affecting Respiration Other
- Histamine (bronchiole constriction) - Tumors - Inflammation - Increased mucus - Adhesions in bronchiole walls - Chemical irritants - Smoking

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