A&P Better

Question 1

The brain and spinal cord are a part of the […]

Answer 1

Central Nervous System

Question 2

What two types of cells compose the nervous system in humans?

Answer 2

Neurons and Glial cells

Question 3

What is the term for the cell body of the neuron?

Answer 3

Soma

Question 4

What are the branched cytoplasmic processes attached to the soma of a neuron which receive signals?

Answer 4

Dendrites

Question 5

What is the region of the axon attached to the soma called?

Answer 5

Axon Hillock

Question 6

What is the singular large process of a neuron responsible for transmitting signals?

Answer 6

Axon

Question 7

What is the region of the axon where neurotransmitters are released or where electrical signals are conducted between cells?

Answer 7

Axon Terminal

Question 8

What are the swells along the axon capable of neurotransmitter release called?

Answer 8

Varicosity

Question 9

What are the lipid sheaths surrounding the axon which enable faster conduction called?

Answer 9

Myelin Sheath

Question 10

What common ion leak channel generates most of the membrane potential?

Answer 10

K+ Leak Channels

Question 11

What ions are present in higher concentrations outside of the cell?

Answer 11

Cl-, Ca2+, Na+

Question 12

What ions are present in higher concentrations inside of the cell?

Answer 12

Mg2+, K+

Question 13

What is the resting membrane potential of Cl- and why?

Answer 13

-70 because it’s an anion that is higher outside of the cell

Question 14

What channels open past threshold?

Answer 14

Voltage-gated Na+ Channels

Question 15

What protein establishes the resting concentrations of ions mainly responsible for depolarization and repolarization?

Answer 15

Na+ / K+ Transporter

Question 16

After the cell reaches a positive membrane potential of 30 mV, repolarization begins. What does this process entail?

Answer 16

The inactivation of Voltage-gated Na+ Channel and the opening of Voltage gated K+ Channels

Question 17

The absolute refractory period ends when what happens in the cell?

Answer 17

The inactivation gate of Voltage-gated Na+ channels is reopened

Question 18

What aspect of repolarization affects only the relative refractory period but not the absolute refractory period?

Answer 18

Opening and closure of Voltage-gated K+ channels

Question 19

Why does an action potential not propagate along the membrane in both directions?

Answer 19

If you have point X on a membrane which is depolarized, it will propagate towards the axon terminal, the side of point X closer to the soma will be in its refractory period. If point X started at the axon hillock, then the soma would have blocked it from occuring.

Question 20

T/F: Action Potentials always occur at the exact same strength

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What are the areas lacking myelin sheaths called, what function do they serve?

Answer 21

Nodes of Ranvier; Action Potentials grow weaker as they are conducted, but can fully regenerate strength when they are propagated. Nodes of Ranvier provide a point for them to repropagate.

Question 22

The jumping of the regeneration of action potential between Nodes of Ranvier is described by what term?

Answer 22

Saltatory Conduction

Question 23

What motor proteins move organelles towards the axon terminal and what type of transport is this?

Answer 23

Kinesins ; Anterograde Transport

Question 24

What motor proteins move organelles towards the soma and what type of transport is this?

Answer 24

Dyneins ; Retrograde Transport

Question 25

What glial cells generate the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

Answer 25

Oligodendrocytes

Question 26

What glial cells generate the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 26

Schwann cells

Question 27

What glial cells are responsible for forming the blood brain barrier and providing nutrients for neurons?

Answer 27

Astrocytes

Question 28

What glial cells form tracts along which neurons develop?

Answer 28

Radial glia

Question 29

What type of glial cells are the macrophages of the brain?

Answer 29

Microglia

Question 30

What types of glial cells can act as stem cells?

Answer 30

Radial glia and Astrocytes

Question 31

What type of glial cells forms cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 31

Ependymal cells

Question 32

What type of synapse involves a gap junction instead of a synaptic cleft?

Answer 32

Electrical Synapse

Question 33

What type of synapses do not allow for variation in strength and are less common?

Answer 33

Electrical Synapse

Question 34

What type of synapses allow for graded potentials and summation?

Answer 34

Chemical Synapse

Question 35

What type of synapses involve neurotransmitter release from action potentials?

Answer 35

Chemical Synapse

Question 36

What type of synapses are more common?

Answer 36

Chemical Synapse

Question 37

Breakdown the release of neurotransmitters in 5 steps

Answer 37

1) An action potential reaches the axon terminal 2) Voltage-gated calcium channels open and allow extracellular calcium release into the cell 3) Calcium-Calmodulin complexes activate Synaptotagmins 4) Activated Synaptotagmins allow fusion between V-SNAREs and t-SNAREs 5) Exocytosis of vesicles allows the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

Question 38

What type of receptors at chemical synapses results in rapid effects on the postsynaptic cell?

Answer 38

Ionotropic Receptors

Question 39

What type of receptors at chemical synapses results in a more delayed modular response by the postsynaptic cell?

Answer 39

Metabotropic Receptors

Question 40

What type of summation describes the process of IPSPs and EPSPs entering from different dendrites affecting postsynaptic potential?

Answer 40

Spatial Summation

Question 41

What type of summation describes the process of IPSPs and EPSPs entering from the same dendrites in rapid succession affecting postsynaptic potential?

Answer 41

Temporal Summation

Question 42

What type of rapidly-adapting receptors respond very quickly to their stimulus?

Answer 42

Phasic

Question 43

What type of slow-adapting receptors respond slowly to the taking-away of their stimulus?

Answer 43

Tonic

Question 44

What kind of ion-channel receptors has low levels of myelination, can be activated by ligands?

Answer 44

Transient Receptor Potential Proteins

Question 45

What kind of receptors lack capsular endings, have small diameters, and are unmyelinated?

Answer 45

Nociceptors and Thermoreceptors

Question 46

What surface-level skin receptors are phasic and detect light touch & vibrations?

Answer 46

Meissner's Corpuscle

Question 47

What surface-level skin receptors are tonic and detect steady pressure and texture?

Answer 47

Merkel's Discs

Question 48

What deeper skin receptors are phasic and detect deep pressure and high-frequency vibration?

Answer 48

Pacinian Corpuscles

Question 49

What deeper skin receptors detect skin stretch and are tonic?

Answer 49

Ruffini Endings

Question 50

What muscle receptors monitor degree and rate of muscle stretch?

Answer 50

Spindle Stretch Receptor

Question 51

What muscle receptor monitors levels of muscle tension?

Answer 51

Golgi Tendon Organs

Question 52

What type of neurons travel in descending pathways?

Answer 52

Efferent Neurons

Question 53

What type of neurons travel in ascending pathways?

Answer 53

Afferent Neurons

Question 54

What type of neurons carry information between afferent and efferent neurons?

Answer 54

Interneurons

Question 55

What is the area of response of an afferent neuron called?

Answer 55

Receptive Field

Question 56

What process results in the amplification of differences in overlapping receptive fields to determine the main location of the stimulus?

Answer 56

Lateral Inhibition

Question 57

What type of neurotransmitters are derived from amino acids?

Answer 57

Biogenic Amines

Question 58

What type of neurotransmitters are based on tyrosine?

Answer 58

Catecholamines?

Question 59

What type of catecholamine derivative forms directly into Dopamine?

Answer 59

L-Dopa

Question 60

What amino acid breaks down catecholamines and serotonin during reuptake?

Answer 60

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Question 61

What enzyme converts norepinephrine to epinephrine?

Answer 61

PNMT

Question 62

What gland is responsible for secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Answer 62

Adrenal Medulla

Question 63

What two hormones are derived from tryptophan?

Answer 63

Serotonin and Melatonin

Question 64

What kind of receptors bind serotonin?

Answer 64

5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT)

Question 65

What kind of medication works for mood diseases implicated with dysfunction of serotonin?

Answer 65

SSRI

Question 66

What neurotransmitter is derived from histidine?

Answer 66

Histamines

Question 67

What glutamate receptors are Na+ channels that have Mg2+ ions that can be removed to allow Ca2+ conductance?

Answer 67

NMDA Receptors

Question 68

What glutamate receptors exocytose in response to higher intracellular Ca2+ concentrations?

Answer 68

AMDA Receptors

Question 69

What process of prolonged synaptic strength results from NMDA and AMDA receptors?

Answer 69

Long Term Potentiation

Question 70

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter which utilizes metabotropic receptors that raise K+ permeability and ionotropic receptors that raise Cl- permeability?

Answer 70

GABA

Question 71

What amino acid is GABA derived from?

Answer 71

Glycine

Question 72

What inhibitory neurotransmitter involves Cl- permeability?

Answer 72

Glycine

Question 73

What neurotoxin causes hyperexcitability by inhibiting glycine?

Answer 73

Strychnine

Question 74

What is the pathway for Nitric Oxide synthesis?

Answer 74

Arginine --> Citrulline --> Nitric Oxide

Question 75

What secondary messenger is utilized in Nitric Oxide synthesis?

Answer 75

cGMP

Question 76

Which cholinergic receptor is ionotropic?

Answer 76

Nicotinic

Question 77

Which cholinergic receptor is metabotropic?

Answer 77

Muscarinic

Question 78

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 78

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 79

What poison molecule binds with high affinity to nicotinic receptor but does not activate it?

Answer 79

Curare

Question 80

What drug molecule binds with high affinity to muscarinic receptors but does not activate it?

Answer 80

Atropine

Question 81

What bacteria interferes with SNARE complexes in the motor neurons?

Answer 81

Clostridium Botulinum

Question 82

What bacteria interferes with SNARE complexes in inhibitory neurons?

Answer 82

Clostridium Tetani

Question 83

What chemical binds to the hydroxyl group of serine in acetylcholinesterase to cause its breakdown?

Answer 83

Sarin

Question 84

What kind of paralysis results from Tetanus?

Answer 84

Spastic Paralysis

Question 85

What kind of paralysis results from Botulism?

Answer 85

Flaccid Paralysis

Question 86

What kind of paralysis results from Sarin gas?

Answer 86

Spastic Paralysis

Question 87

What receptor is present on the presynaptic neuron?

Answer 87

Nicotinic

Question 88

What receptor is present on the postsynaptic neuron in the parasympathetic nervous sytem?

Answer 88

Muscarinic

Question 89

What receptor is present on the postsynaptic neuron in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 89

Adrenergic

Question 90

What gaseous neurotransmitter is released from the hypothalamus in small doses

Answer 90

Carbon Monoxide

Question 91

What neurotransmitter and neuromodulating peptide induces pain?

Answer 91

Substance P

Question 92

What 16-31 amino acid peptides are potent endogenous opioids produced in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus?

Answer 92

Endorphins

Question 93

What 5-amino acid peptides are released in the central nervous system and are local endogenous opioids?

Answer 93

Enkephalins

Question 94

What neurotransmitter regulates the sleep-wake cycle?

Answer 94

Hypocretins / Orexins

Question 95

What disease involves randomly falling asleep due to a deficiency in orexins?

Answer 95

Narcolepsy

Question 96

What purine neurotransmitter is excitatory, involved in nociception, and rapid-acting?

Answer 96

ATP

Question 97

What purine neurotransmitter is inhibitory, accumulates during wakefulness, and more modulatory (slower-acting)?

Answer 97

Adenosine

Question 98

What lipid neurotransmitters utilize retrograde neurotransmission?

Answer 98

THC and Endocannabinoids

Question 99

What are the layers of connective tissue surrounding the brain called?

Answer 99

Meninges

Question 100

Arrange the three meninges from outermost to innermost

Answer 100

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

Question 101

What group of ependymal cells is responsible for cerebrospinal fluid generaiton?

Answer 101

Choroid Plexus

Question 102

Indicate all of the following that can cross the blood brain barrier and how A) Blood cells B) Proteins C) Glucose D) Steroids

Answer 102

B) (rare but can be actively transported) C) (transported across) D) (diffuse through)

Question 103

Describe the relative ion concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 103

K+ is lower, Na+ is higher