Biosystematics and Animal Development Flashcards
(329 cards)
1
Q
Arthropod clade that includes spiders, horseshoe crabs, and scorpions.
A
Chelicerates
2
Q
Sister group of pancrustaceans, includes centipedes and millipedes
A
Myriapods
3
Q
Clade that includes crustaceans and hexapoda
A
Pancrustaceans
4
Q
Class of Sea Spider
A
Pycnogonida
5
Q
Class of Horseshoe Crabs
A
Xiphosurida
6
Q
Class that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and harvestmen
A
Arachnida
7
Q
Order of Harvestmen / Daddy Long Legs
A
Opiliones
8
Q
Order of Spiders
A
Araneae
9
Q
Order of Scorpions
A
Scorpiones
10
Q
Order of Ticks/Mites
A
Acari
11
Q
Class that includes lobsters, crabs, shrimp, crayfish, and krill
A
Crustaceans
12
Q
Class that includes all insects
A
Hexapoda
13
Q
Term for insects that undergo complete metamorphosis
A
Holometabolous
14
Q
Term for insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis
A
Hemimetabolous
15
Q
Term for the excretory organs of Myriapods and Pancrustaceans
A
Malpighian Tubules
16
Q
Analagous to hemoglobin but in arthropods and utilizes copper for its prosthetic group
A
Hemocyanin
17
Q
Eusocial insect order that includes bees, ants, wasps, and hornets [holometabolous]
A
Hymenoptera
18
Q
Insect order that includes flies and mosquitoes [holometabolous]
A
Diptera
19
Q
Insect order that includes butterflies and moths (fuzzy antennae) [holometabolous]
A
Lepidoptera
20
Q
Insect order that includes dragonflies
A
Odonata
21
Q
Insect order that includes beetles who have elytra (fireflies and ladybugs included) [holometabolous]
A
Coleoptera
22
Q
Insect order that includes termites
A
Isoptera
23
Q
Insect order that includes praying mantises
A
Mantodea
24
Q
Insect order that includes grasshoppers and crickets
A
Orthoptera
25
Insect order that includes stickbugs
Phasmatodea
26
Insect order that includes cicadas, aphids, plant hoppers, leaf hoppers, and bed bugs. Divided into heteroptera and homoptera.
Hemiptera
27
Insect suborder that includes cicadas, aphids, and leafhoppers
Homoptera
28
Insect suborder that includes bed bugs
Heteroptera
29
Mammalian order of bats
Chiroptera
30
Mammalian order of mice, beaver, squirrels, and capybaras
Rodentia
31
Mammalian order of rabbits, hares, and bunnies
Lagomorpha
32
Mammalian order of hedgehogs, moles, and shrews
Eulipotyphla
33
Mammalian order of anteaters, sloths, and armadillos
Xenarthra
34
Mammalian order of humans, monkeys, chimps, gorillas, lemurs, and orangutans
Primates
35
Mammalian order of elephants
Proboscidea
36
Mammalian order of cats, dogs, and bears
Carnivora
37
Mammalian order of odd toed ungulates (Zebra, Horse, Hippos, and Rhinos)
Perissodactyla
38
Mammalian order of even toed ungulates included dolphins (0 toes) (Camels, Pigs, Cattle, Giraffes)
Artiodactyla
39
Mammalian suborder of dolphins
Cetacea
40
Mammalian suborder of artiodactyla without dolphins
Cetartiodactyla
41
Most basal animal phylum
Porifera
42
In porifera, water is drawn into what cavity
Spongocoel
43
In porifera, water flows out of what cavity
Osculum
44
In porifera, what term describes the flagellated phagocytic cells
Choanocytes
45
The two layers of cells in sponges are separated by what?
Mesohyl
46
T/F: There are specialized cells for gas exchange in Porifera
False
47
What cells in porifera are named after their pseudopodia?
Amoebocytes
48
What clade encapsulates all animals
Metazoa
49
What clade encapsulates all animals with tissue?
Eumetazoa
50
What is the most basal eumetazoan?
Ctenophora
51
What term describes animals with two germ layers?
Diploblastic
52
What extra germ layer is present in triploblastic animals compared to diploblastic animals
Mesoderm
53
What clade of cnidaria includes hydras, jellyfish, and cnidaria?
Medusozoa
54
What clade of cnidarians include anemones and corals
Anthozoans
55
What order of jellyfish contains jellyfish?
Scyphozoa
56
What order of jellyfish contains box jellies?
Cubozoa
57
What order of Medusozoa only exist in their polyp form?
Hydras
58
What is the name for the rows of cilia used for locomotion in comb jellies?
Ctenes
59
Comb jellies have two retractable tentacles covered in what sticky cells?
Colloblasts
60
What is the most basal bilaterian?
Acoela
61
How do organisms from acoela reproduce?
Fission
62
Which of the following is the outgroup?
a) Lophotrochozoa
b) Ecdysozoa
c) Deuterostoma
c) Deuterostoma
63
What is the crown of ciliated tentacles for feeding in some Lophotrochozoa called?
Lophophore
64
What is the distinctive larval stage of some Lophotrochozoa called?
Trochophore larva
65
What are the ciliated regions of the dead-end tubules of protonephridia called?
Flamebulbs
66
Indicate all of the following that are functions of protonephridia
a) Excreting water
b) Osmoregulation
c) Waste Excretion
ab
67
What group of flatworms reproduce through budding and have around 100 species?
Catenulida
68
What group of flatworms have eyespots called ocelli and reproduce through fission?
Planarians (Rhabditophora)
69
What class of tapeworms includes blood flukes which cause schistosomiasis?
Trematodes
70
Tapeworms have a hook end called their ___ and units of ____ which function in reproduction
Scolex ; Proglottids
71
What is the intermediate host for trematodes? (Main host is human)
Snails (Gastropods)
72
Rotifers are
a) Pseudocoelomates
b) Aceolomates
c) Coelomates
a) Pseudocoelomates
73
Syndermata are the first phylum to possess what feature?
Alimentary Canal
74
Syndermata contain specialized lophophores described by what term?
Trophi
75
How do syndermata reproduce?
Parthenogenesis
76
Syndermata include what parasites of arthropods with mouths of curved hooks and complex life cycles? (2 hosts)
Acanthocephalans
77
Acanthocephalans have curved mouths described by what term?
Proboscis
78
What phylum of sessile organisms that have a hard exoskeleton containing pores that lophophores extend through, superficially resemble mosses and contain a coelom?
Ectoprocts
79
Lamp shells are apart of what phylum?
Brachiopods
80
Mollusk trochophores utilize what kind of organ for waste excretion?
Protonephridia
81
What kind of mollusks are created from unsegmented dorsal plates?
Chitons
82
What class of mollusks do snails and slugs belong to?
Gastropoda
83
What term describes the rotation of the visceral mass undergone by gastropods?
Torsion
84
The radula has been lost in which of the following?
a) Chitons
b) Gastropods
c) Bivalves
c) Bivalves
85
Which class of mollusks do not have an open circulatory system?
Cephalopods
86
What phylum an animals are constructed from many segmented body parts that each contain metanephridia?
Annelida
87
What are the bristle-like processes that extend from the segmented body parts of annelids?
Chaetae
88
What extensions of the body segments consist of many chaetae?
Parapodia
89
What clade describes many marine annelids who had parapodia?
Errantian
90
Leeches and Earthworm belong to what clade of annelids?
Sedentarians
91
What substance is secreted by leeches as an anticoagulant?
Hirudin
92
What is the most basal arthropod class?
Onychophora
93
What term describes the unmarked node representing the most recent common ancestor of all organisms on a phylogenetic tree?
Root
94
What term describes the lineage that diverges the earliest in a phylogenetic tree?
Basal Taxon
95
What term describes a group of organisms that share an intermediate common ancestor not shared by any other group?
Sister Taxa
96
What kind of clade signifies every descendant of a common ancestor + the common ancestor?
Monophyletic
97
What kind of clade signifies some but not all of the the descendants of a common ancestor + the common ancestor?
Paraphyletic
98
What kind of clade signifies distantly related species and not a common ancestor?
Polyphyletic
99
What term describes a characteristic that originated in the ancestor of a taxon?
Shared Ancestral Character
100
What term describes a novel characteristic of a taxon?
Shared Derived Character
101
What principle of phylogeny explains that the simplest explanation (requiring the fewest evolutionary events) is more likely?
Maximum Parsimony
102
What term describes groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit?
Tissue
103
What term describes successive mitotic divisions without cell growth between divisions?
Cleavage
104
What term describes the structure formed after the embryo undergoes cleavage as a hollow ball surrounding a cavity?
Blastula
105
During what process following cleavage does the blastula develop embryonic tissues?
Gastrulation
106
What term describes a body cavity formed from tissue derived from the mesoderm?
Coelom
107
What type of coelom contains hemolymph (analogous to blood)
Hemocoel
108
Which animal phyla have radial symmetry?
Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Echinodermata
109
What type of cleavage do protostomes undergo?
Spiral Cleavage
110
The blastopore develops into the mouth in what kind of organism?
Protostome
111
Determinate cleavage describes the production of cells of different sizes during cleavage that have their fates determined, which occurs in what type of organism?
Protostome
112
In deuterostomes, cells produced by early cleavage still have the capacity to develop into a complete embryo, described by what term?
Indeterminate Cleavage
113
In what kind of organisms describing protostomes does the archenteron split two blocks of mesoderm which form the coelom?
Schizocoelous
114
In what kind of organisms, describing deuterostomes, does part of the archenteron lining form into the coelom?
Enterocoelous
115
The pouch that eventually develops into a gut that forms during gastrulation is described by what term?
Archenteron
116
The entrance to the archenteron is described by what term?
Blastopore
117
What network of hydraulic canals functions in locomotion and feeding in echinoderms?
Water Vascular System
118
The branching canal extensions of the water vascular system are described by what term?
Tube Feet
119
The opening of a Sea Star's Water Vascular System is described by what term?
Madreporite
120
List all the common animals apart of Echinodermata
Seas Stars, Brittle Stars, Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, Sea Lilies, Feather Stars, and Sea Cucumbers
121
List the four derived ancestral characters of all chordates
Notochord, Post-Anal Tail, Pharyngeal Slits, and a Dorsal Nerve Cord
122
In humans, the notochord forms into what?
Gelatinous Disks
123
What animals are Cephalochordates?
Lancelets
124
Lancelets have ___ during development that form segmented muscles, ___ filter feed food, and water that enters through the ____ exit through the ____
Somites ; Cirri ; Pharyngeal Slits ; Atriopore
125
What animals are Urochordates?
Tunicates
126
What gene is responsible for developing the forebrain?
Bf1
127
What gene develops both the midbrain and forebrain?
Otx
128
What hox gene develops the hindbrain?
Hox3
129
List 3 derived characteristics of vertebrates
Duplication of hox genes & transcription factors, the vertebrae, the neural crest
130
What is the most basal sister group of vertebrates?
Cyclostomes
131
Hagfishes are apart of what class?
Myxini
132
Lampreys are apart of what class?
Petromyzontida
133
Where do most hagfish live?
Marine Environment
134
What type of lifestyle describes most lampreys?
Parasites
135
List the 3 derived characteristics of Gnathostomes
Duplicated Genome (4x original chordates), Lateral Line System, Jaws
136
The most basal gnathostome group is what class?
Sharks and Rays
137
What mode of reproduction describes when eggs hatch outside the mother's body
Oviparous
138
What mode of reproduction describes when eggs are nourished inside the mother and hatching causes birth
Ovoviviparous
139
What mode of reproduction describes when organisms are born and developed inside the uterus
Viviparous
140
What term describes the common chamber in sharks where the reproductive, excretory, and digestive tract all open to the outside
Cloaca
141
What protective bony flap protects the gills in Osteichthyans?
Operculum
142
Most fish maintain buoyancy by filling an air sac described by what term
Swim Bladder
143
What class describes Ray-Finned Fish?
Actinopterygii
144
2 derived traits of osteichthyans?
Swim Bladder, and Operculum
145
What term describes traits inherited from an ancestral character that have been mostly unchanged
Primitive
146
An ancestral, primitive character trait
Plesiomorphy
147
A shared, derived character that indicates common ancestry
Synapomorphy
148
A derived trait that evolved within a lineage
Apomorphy
149
A shared ancestral trait that does not help in defining a specific clade
Symplesiomorphy
150
What class describes Lobe-Finned Fish?
Sarcopterygii
151
2 Derived characteristics of Tetrapods
Limbs with digits, neck with two vertebra.
152
Lungfish are apart of what class?
Dipnoi
153
What are the closest relating living ancestors to tetrapods?
Lungfish
154
Salamanders are part of what amphibian order?
Urodele
155
What trait, common in Salamanders, describes when the sexually mature stage of an organism retains more juvenile characters
Paedomorphosis
156
What term describes the evolutionary change in developmental events (such as sexual maturity)
Heterochrony
157
What term describes the process where the loss of juvenile characters is developmentally delayed, and results in paedomorphosis?
Neoteny
158
What term describes the process where sexual maturity is developmentally accelerated and results in paedomorphosis?
Progenesis / Paedogenesis
159
What order of amphibians describe frogs and toads?
Anura
160
Pseudo-snake amphibians
Caecillians
161
Describe what organisms the term "amniote" encompasses
All tetrapods excluding amphibians
162
3 Derived characteristics of amniotes?
Amniotic egg, ventilation via rib cage, less permeable skin
163
What are the four extraembryonic membranes of an amniotic egg from outermost to innermost?
Chorion, Allantois, Amnion, and Yolk Sac.
164
Which extraembryonic layer functions in gas exchange?
Chorion
165
Which extraembryonic layer functions in mainly waste disposal but its membrane participates in gas exchange
Allantois
166
Which extraembryonic layer contains fluid that enables shock absorption?
Amnion
167
Which extraembryonic layer provides nutrients for the organism?
Yolk Sac
168
Derived Characteristics of Reptiles?
Scales made of keratin, shelled eggs on land, internal fertilization, ectothermic
169
What kind of reptiles had a pair of holes on each side of their skull?
Diapsids
170
Which group of reptiles have lost the holes in their skulls behind the eye sockets?
Tortuga
171
What lizard-like reptile represents the only surviving group of lepidosaurs?
Tuatara
172
What order of flightless birds describes ostriches, cassowaries, and emus?
Ratites
173
What is the only surviving class of synapsids?
Mammals
174
The hole behind the eye socket on each side of the skull is described as what anatomical feature?
Temporal Fenestra
175
What group of mammals found in Oceania include platypus and echidnas, lays eggs, produce milk, but lack nipples?
Monotremes
176
What group of mammals including opossums, kangaroos, and koalas have a maternal pouch and an early form of placenta?
Marsupials
177
What class is usually described as placental mammals?
Eutherians
178
What mammalian order includes Manatees and Dugongs?
Sirenia
179
What mammalian order includes Hyraxes?
Hyracoidea
180
What term describes organisms that derive their heat from external sequences?
Ectotherms
181
What term describes organisms that derive their heat from metabolism?
Endotherms
182
What kind of system involves heat transfer along an entire artery with veins flowing in the opposite direction to minimize heat loss
Countercurrent Exchange
183
In _____ thermogenesis, _____, given its distinct color from the presence of extra _____ utilizes ______ to generate heat instead of ATP from the proton motive force.
Nonshviering; Brown Fat; Mitochondria; Uncoupling Protein
184
All the energy an animal utilizes in a given time interval, measured as Joules or Calories per minute is described by what measurement?
Metabolic Rate
185
The minimum metabolic rate, exerted at all times by an animal at rest, on an empty stomach, not experiencing stress nor growing, is referred to as its _______
Basal Metabolic Rate
186
The higher the body size, the _____ the metabolic rate
Greater
187
The greater the body mass, the ____ the BMR : body size ratio
Lower
188
What major adaptation describes a physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism to decrease spent energy?
Torpor
189
What term describes torpor during a long period of hotness / dryness?
Estivation
190
What term describes torpor during a long period of coldness?
Hibernation
191
Method of feeding for aquatic organisms where small organisms or food particles are strained from surrounding medium?
Filter Feeding
192
Method of feeding where organisms live on their source?
Substrate Feeding
193
Method of feeding where organisms suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host?
Fluid Feeding
194
Methods of feeding where organisms eat large pieces of food?
Bulk Feeding
195
Order the Bird Digestive System (Mouth, Gizzard, Intestine, Anus, Stomach, Crop, Esophagus)
Mouth, Esophagus, Crop, Stomach, Gizzard, Intestine, Anus.
196
A carnivore is more likely to have ____, and pointed _____, and jagged _____
Canines; Incisors; Molars/Premolars
197
A herbivore is more likely to have broad, ridged _____, and absent _____
Molars, Premolars, and Incisors ; Canines
198
Which parts of the digestive system is typically longer in herbivores?
Cecum and Colon
199
Order the stomach of a ruminant
Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum.
200
What is the circulatory fluid for organisms with an open circulatory system??
Hemolymph
201
What is the circulatory fluid for organisms with a closed circulatory system??
Blood
202
What kind of organisms have single circulation?
Fish
203
What kind of organisms have double circulation involving a systemic and pulmocutaneous circuit?
Amphibians
204
What kind of organisms have double circulation involving a systemic and pulmonary circuit?
Amniotes
205
Which organisms have a three-chambered heart?
Amphibians, Turtles, Snakes, and Lizards.
206
Which organisms have a four-chambered heart with a complete septum but the ability to direct blood flow away from the pulmonary circuit?
Alligators and crocodilians.
207
Which organisms have an incomplete septum?
Turtles, Snakes, and Lizards
208
What system of breathing is utilized by insects?
Tracheal
209
The trachea of insects exit through what external openings?
Spiracles
210
What organisms breathe through positive pressure breathing?
Amphibians
211
What organism utilizes parabronchi during their respiration?
Birds
212
Describe how the breathing of birds works.
Air is drawn into the posterior air sacs during inhalation, then exhalation pushes air into the lungs, then it's inhaled into the anterior air sacs, and exhalation pushes it outside.
213
Describe how positive pressure breathing works.
Air is drawn into the organism, they close their mouths and nose, and then air is squished and pushed into the lungs.
214
What oxygen-storing protein allows diving mammals to stay underwater for so long without breathing?
Myoglobin
215
What reflex is triggered by a fall into the water, and what occurs?
Diving Reflex ; Heart Rate decreases, blood flow to extremities is reduced.
216
What term describes organisms whose body temperature varies with the environment?
Poikilotherm
217
What term describes organisms whose body temperature is relatively constant?
Homeotherm
218
What term describes organisms who aim to be isosmotic with their surroundings?
Osmoconformer
219
What term describes organisms who control internal osmolarity based on effects from their environment
Osmoregulatory
220
Animals that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity are ____ (most animals)
Stenohaline
221
Animals that can tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity are ____
Euryhaline
222
Euryhaline osmoconformers include ____ and ____ while Euryhaline osmoregulators include ____ and ____
Barnacles and Mussels ; Striped Bass and some Salmon
223
Most marine invertebrates are osmo_____
conformers
224
Atlantic Lobsters keep what cation concentration way below its environmental concentration?
Magnesium
225
Which osmoregulatory strategy has evolved among fishes?
Having a hyperosmotic surrounding resulting in constant loss of water by osmosis, drinking seawater and manually excreting excess salts.
226
Which osmoregulatory strategy has evolved among chondrichthyes?
Having a hypoosmotic surrounding by containing tons of Urea and several other solutes in their tissue, experiencing an uptake of water, and excreting the water but never drinking it.
227
Chondrichthyes avoid denaturation of their proteins in tissue despite having high osmotic concentration through the presence of what substance?
TMAO (Trimethyl Amine Oxide)
228
Freshwater organisms must be osmo_____ and have a _____ environment
regulators ; hyposmotic
229
What organisms excrete a ton of dilute urine?
Freshwater Fish
230
What hormone is produced to initiate production of salt-secreting cells in Salmon when transitioning between Freshwater and the Sea?
Cortisol
231
What dormant state allows the invertebrate tardigrade to survive in states of desiccation?
Anhydrobiosis
232
What disaccharide replaces water to protect proteins and membrane lipids during anhydrobiosis?
Trehalose
233
Energy expenditure ____ as the osmolarity gradient with environment increases
Increases
234
What type of epithelium is utilized for moving particular solutes in specific directions
Transport Epithelium
235
In what bird are there transport epithelium and salt glands at the tip of their beaks?
Albatross
236
What type of invertebrates primarily directly secrete Ammonia and why?
Marine ; It requires tons of water to be secreted with, but low energy
237
What type of organisms secrete Urea and why?
Terrestrial organisms who don't have as great access to water, it takes more energy, also sharks.
238
What kind of nitrogenous waste is excreted by sharks?
Urea
239
What kind of nitrogenous waste is excreted by insects, gastropods, many reptiles, and birds? Why?
Uric Acid ; It's nontoxic and requires no water, it requires lots of energy
240
Deposition of uric acid crystals cause joint inflammation in humans in a condition known as ____
Gout
241
_________ use beating cilia to draw interstitial fluid through cap cells into tubules which exit the body
Protonephridia
242
_______ are excretory organs that collect fluid from the coelom
Metanephridia
243
_____ are excretory organs that are dead-end tubules immersed in hemolymph connected to the digestive tract, and utilizes transport epithelium to direct the transport of solutes from the lumen to the tubule.
Malpighian Tubules
244
Mammals that live in deserts have more (short/long) (cortical/juxtamedullary) that result in (dilute/concentrated/intermediate) urine.
More, Juxtamedullary, Concentrated.
245
Birds have more (short/long) (cortical/juxtamedullary) nephrons that result in (dilute/concentrated/intermediate) urine.
More, Juxtamedullary, Intermediate
246
Semiaquatic mammals like beavers/muskrats have more (short/long) (cortical/juxtamedullary) nephrons that result in (dilute/concentrated/intermediate) urine.
Short, Cortical, Dilute
247
Freshwater Fish have more (short/long) (cortical/juxtamedullary) nephrons that result in (dilute/concentrated/intermediate) urine.
Short, Cortical, Dilute
248
Marine Fish who do not urinate often have (less/more) nephrons that result in (less/more) urine
less, less
249
What is the main function of kidneys in Marine Bony Fish?
To get rid of divalent ions (Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfate)
250
How is the concentration of monovalent ions maintained in Marine Bony Fish?
Through chloride cells which secrete NaCl and maintain concentration of Na+ and Cl-
251
What hormone is necessary for pair bonding in voles?
Vasopressin
252
What hormone is necessary for Metamorphosis in Amphibians?
Thyroxine
253
What neurosecretory cells secrete PTTH?
Corpora Cardiaca
254
What neurosecretory cells secrete JH?
Corpora Allata
255
What gland is targeted by PTTH, and what does it secrete?
Prothoracic Gland; Ecdysteroid.
256
What results from High Ecdysteroid, High Juvenile Hormone levels?
Molting
257
What results from Low Ecdysteroid, High Juvenile Hormone Levels?
Nothing
258
What results from High Ecdysteroid, Low Juvenile Hormone levels?
Formation of a Pupa and Metamorphosis
259
What type of adaptation involves organisms each individual has both male and female reproductive systems?
Hermaphroditism
260
What type of asexual reproduction is the growth of individuals from outgrowths sites on an existing one?
Budding
261
What type of asexual reproduction involves the splitting and separation of a parent organism into two individuals of approximately equal size
Fission
262
What type of asexual reproduction involves an egg developing into an organism without being fertilized?
Parthenogenesis
263
In female insects, what sacs store sperm and keep them alive for extended periods of time?
Spermathecae
264
What process describes what occurs after contact is made between the Jelly Coat of a sea urchin egg and the acrosome of the sperm?
Acrosomal Reaction
265
List three things that occur during the acrosomal reaction
Hydrolytic enzymes form a hole in the jelly coat, actin filaments form the acrosomal process, proteins on the surface of the process bind to plasma membrane receptors
266
During the acrosomal reactions, certain receptors are bound, triggering what other reaction?
Cortical Reaction
267
List all the events that occur as a result of the cortical reaction
Sodium ions enter the cell causing depolarization acting as a fast block to polyspermy (multiple-fusion), cortical granules near the cortex fuse with the plasma membrane, the contents of the granules clip off sperm-binding receptors, and they also cause formation of a fertilization envelope acting as a slow block to polyspermy.
268
What is the layer formed by the egg's extracellular matrix near the plasma membrane?
Vitelline layer
269
What ion is present in the cell in high concentrations during formation of the fertilization envelope?
Calcium
270
What layer is analogous to the vitelline layers in mammals?
Zona Pellucida
271
What cycle of physiological change in female mammals regulate reproductive cycles (but not primates)?
Estrous Cycle
272
What is the name for cells that make up a blastula
Blastomeres
273
In this type of cleavage, yolk displaces the cleavage furrow but it still divides the egg entirely into halves
Holoblastic Cleavage
274
Which organisms undergo holoblastic cleavage?
Mammals, Amphibians, Echinoderms, and Annelids
275
In this type of cleavage, the volume is yolk is great and the cleavage furrow cannot pass through it. Only the region of the egg lacking yolk can undergo cleavage.
Meroblastic Cleavage
276
What organisms undergo meroblastic cleavage?
Insects, Birds, Reptiles, and many Fishes.
277
In what kind of organism does many rounds of mitosis occur without any cytokinesis, and then the nuclei migrate to the outer edges of the yolk and then grow cell membranes, surrounding a large yolk sac?
Drosophila
278
In what kind of organism is cleavage limited to only a small portion of the animal pole which results in the division between an upper cap and lower cap with an analogous hemocoel?
Birds
279
Drosophila undergo what specific type of meroblastic cleavage?
Centrolecithal
280
Birds undergo what specific type of meroblastic cleavage?
Telolecithal
281
Which process during development involves the rearrangement of cells?
Gastrulation
282
What type of embryonic tissue forms into skin?
Ectoderm
283
What type of embryonic tissue forms into the adrenal medulla?
Ectoderm
284
What type of embryonic tissue forms into nervous tissue?
Ectoderm
285
What type of embryonic tissue forms into the intestinal lining?
Endoderm
286
What type of embryonic tissue forms into the reproductive lining?
Endoderm
287
What type of embryonic tissue forms into the excretory lining?
Endoderm
288
What type of embryonic tissue forms into the respiratory lining?
Endoderm
289
What type of embryonic tissue forms into Thyroid and Parathyroid glands?
Endoderm
290
What type of embryonic tissue forms into Thymus?
Endoderm
291
What type of embryonic tissue forms into most bones?
Mesoderm
292
What type of embryonic tissue forms into most muscle?
Mesoderm
293
What type of embryonic tissue forms into blood and lymphatic vessels?
Mesoderm
294
What type of embryonic tissue forms into the kidney?
Mesoderm
295
What type of embryonic tissue forms into the liver?
Mesoderm
296
What type of embryonic tissue forms into the dermis of the skin?
Mesoderm
297
What type of embryonic tissue forms into the adrenal cortex?
Mesoderm
298
During frog gastrulation, an invagination forms on the dorsal end of the vegetal pole, creating the blastopore, what is the crease above the site of invagination termed?
Dorsal Lip
299
As the blastopore develops, a sheet of cell coming from the animal hemisphere is rolled into the dorsal lip and travels to the interior, what term describes this process?
Involution
300
During involution, the cells that are rolled inward eventually develop into what?
The Mesodermal and Endodermal layers
301
Animal cells from the animal pole that are not apart of involution begin to take shape and spread over the surface of the blastula and eventually develop into ____ during gastrulation
Ectoderm
302
At the end of frog gastrulation, the circular blastopore surrounds a plug of yolk-filled cells called?
Yolk Plug
303
What happens to the blastocoel during gastrulation?
It disappears
304
What happens to the blastopore throughout the entirety of gastrulation
1) It forms when cells invaginate
2) It expands around like a ring encircling a sphere as more cells invaginate
3) Eventually, the ectoderm spreads over it and reduces its size until it's just a lil yolk plug
305
What is the name for the upper layer of cells in chick preceding the start of chick gastrulation?
Epiblast
306
What is the name for the lower layer of cells in chick preceding the start of chick gastrulation?
Hypoblast
307
During chick gastrulation, epiblast cells move towards the center and then inward, forming what structure at the surface of the epiblast?
Primitive Streak
308
What is the fate of hypoblast cells during chick gastrulation?
They become part of the extraembryonic yolk sac
309
Cells on the epiblast that do not move down towards the yolk eventually become ____
Ectoderm
310
Cells on the epiblast that move halfway down and segregate laterally into the blastocoel eventually become ____
Mesodern
311
Cells on the epiblast that move to the bottom and displace the hypoblast eventually become ____
Endoderm
312
When a mammalian embryo has finished cleavage and reached the uterus it is referred to as a ____
Blastocyst
313
Implantation of the embryo is due to a structure defined by the outer epithelial cells of the blastocyst, known as the ____
Trophoblast
314
In the disk of cells formed by mammalian embryos, the inner cells are known as the ____
Hypoblast
315
In the disk of cells formed by mammalian embryos, the outer cells are known as the ____
Epiblast
316
What term describes the pigmented marker of the dorsal side in a frog embryo opposite the point of sperm entry?
Gray Crescent
317
Which organisms gastrulation differs from the other two the most?
a) Humans
b) Chicks
c) Frogs
c) Frogsd
318
Which extraembryonic embryo layer is incorporated into the umbilical cord and forms blood vessels that interact with the placenta?
Allantois
319
What process describes the formation of the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates?
Neurulation
320
The dorsal mesoderm forms a rod that extends along the dorsal side of chordate embryos termed the _____
Notochord
321
Cells of the Notochord utilize induction to influence the ectoderm above to become what embryonic structure?
Neural Plate
322
During neurulation, the folds of the neural plate roll the neural plate up, converting it to what structure?
Neural Tube
323
In spina bifida, a condition that can be caused by a deficiency in folate, what fails to form properly?
Neural Tube
324
What does the neural tube eventually become?
The Brain and the Spinal Cord
325
What set of long-range migrating cells develops near the border of the Neural Tube and the above Ectoderm?
Neural Crest
326
What set of migrating cells develops into peripheral nerves, teeth, and skull bones?
Neural Crest
327
What set of long-range migrating cells is formed from the segregation of groups of mesodermal cells that form lateral to the notochord?
Somites
328
What set of migratory cells contributes to formation of vertebrae, ribs, and other repeated/segmented structures?
Somites
329
