A&P Cells lecture 3

Question 1

cell membrane

Answer 1

1. “Plasma Membrane”
2. “Plasmalemma”

Holds cell together and regulates what comes in and out

Question 2

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 2

hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads (phosphate)

• fluid moving structure
• Proteins embedded in structure and act as gateways or binding sites

Question 3

Cytoplasm

Answer 3

• jelly-like inside

- contains: proteins, electrolytes, metabolites, cytoskeleton, organelles

Question 4

cytosol

Answer 4

fluid portion of cytoplasm

Question 5

cytoskeleton

Answer 5

structural support

• it gives shape/support to cell
• allows to move and it anchors orgenelles.

Question 6

Flagella

Answer 6

single hairs that or motile

Question 7

cilia

Answer 7

smaller and much larger in quantity.

- oviduct and respiratory organs

Question 8

organelles

Answer 8

membrane-bound structures in cytoplasm

- allow for creation of specialized environments

Question 9

mitochondria

Answer 9

Power Plant of the cell
95% of the energy produced
Active Cells have far more mitochondria

Question 10

Cristae

Answer 10

the folds in the mitochondria that allow for more surface area

Question 11

Ribosomes

Answer 11

Most common organelle
site of protein synthesis
very mobile organelle
either attaches to ER (Rough) or moves to cytoplasm

Question 12

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 12

where the ribosomes are attached to causing it to be studded or rough

attached the membrane of nucleus

modifies the protein in preparation for packaging when it sends it to the Golgi Apparatus

Question 13

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 13

important in synthesis and storage of lipids such as phospholipids and steroids

Lg. quantity found in liver and glandular tissue

Question 14

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 14

receives the newly processed proteins from rough ER and preps for packaging and then packages them

packages them by wrapping in vesicles and sending them out

Question 15

Lysosome

Answer 15

specialized package (Vesicle) formed by Golgi Apparatus that contains strong enzymes to digest target.

Vesicles fuse with the target and release the enzymes to destroy it

Question 16

autolysis

Answer 16

digestion of dead cells by release of the cells’ lysosomes

Question 17

peroxisomes

Answer 17

small sacs which contain oxygen-dependent enzymes that detoxify compounds

“Janitor” of the cell

Question 18

Centrioles

Answer 18

help organize the cell during cell division

• made of cylinders of microtubules
• serve as anchor point for flagella

Question 19

Nucleus

Answer 19

“Command Center” of a cell
controls cell’s activities via protein synthesis
holds genetic make of the organism
some cell types have more than one nucleus or none at all

Question 20

Nuclear pores

Answer 20

where the nuclear envelopes fuse and create a channel

Question 21

Nuclear envelope

Answer 21

made up of 2 lipid bilayers

Question 22

Nucleolus

Answer 22

structure within the nucleus where ribosome components are made

Its a factory that makes factories

Question 23

DNA

Answer 23

• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• double helix with 4 bases that bond in pairs
• stored as chromatin in nucleus
• DNA is wound around Histones to stay tidy

Question 24

Histones

Answer 24

provides structural support for DNA

they change shape to expose parts of the DNA for transcription

Question 25

Intracellular fluid

Answer 25

fluid within the cell

Question 26

extracellular fluid

Answer 26

fluid outside the cell

Question 27

Interstitial Fluid

Answer 27

Fluid between the cells

Question 28

Membrane process

Answer 28

regulation what comes into and out of the cell through passive or active transports

Question 29

Passive transports

Answer 29

when solutes and molecules enter and exit the cell vie channels following down a concentration gradient Goal is to reach equilibrium Requires no energy

Question 30

Diffusion

Answer 30

Solutes following down a concentration gradient | Moves through generic and selective pores

Question 31

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 31

still down a concentration gradient but the molecule uses a carrier molecule It can only move at the speed of the available carrier molecule

Question 32

Osmosis

Answer 32

mov't of water from an area of low concentration of solutes to an area of high concentration of solutes.

Question 33

Osmotic pressure

Answer 33

pressure placed on the wall of the membrane when the water as passing through to get to an area of a higher concentration of solutes - greater the difference in concentration of solutes the great the osmotic pressure will be

Question 34

oncotic pressure

Answer 34

a special case of osmotic pressure between 2 specific places in the body (blood and Lymph) - tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system

Question 35

Filtration

Answer 35

requires pressure gradient to move stuff so an outside source creates hydrostatic pressure to move the fluid from an area of high pressure to low pressure. This moves the fluid through the membrane and is filtered. The filtering REQUIRES NO energy making this passive

Question 36

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 36

pushing water and small molecules through a membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

Question 37

tonicity

Answer 37

related to concentration of solutes OUTSIDE the cell

Question 38

Isotonic

Answer 38

some concentration of solutes outside the cell as inside the cell

Question 39

Hypotonic

Answer 39

lower concentration of solutes outside the cell as inside the cell

Question 40

Hypertonic

Answer 40

higher concentration of solutes outside the cell as inside the cell

Question 41

active process

Answer 41

requires energy to move a molecule through the membrane against the concentration gradient USES ATP

Question 42

Endocytosis

Answer 42

process of bringing something into the cell

Question 43

phagocytosis

Answer 43

swallowing solids to bring into the cell

Question 44

pinocytosis

Answer 44

swallowing a liquid to bring into the cell

Question 45

exocytosis

Answer 45

- taking out of cell - removes waste or manufactured items (Hormones and Proteins) - opposite of Endo-

Question 46

Na+/K+ pump

Answer 46

a protein pump that utilizes ATP to move 2 NA+ out and the one K+ to come in. This causes change in membrane potential outside the cell compared to the inside.

Question 47

Membrane Potential

Answer 47

- many cells have a baseline charge (voltage) - created by differing concentrations of ions across membrane - passive transport cause natural difference - active amplifies the membrane potential *Important in cells that contract or respond to stimuli by signaling (i.e. Nerves and muscles)