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A&P Ch 2 Flashcards

the chemistry of life (105 cards)

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1
Q

element

A

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties ex. Na+, H, O, K

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2
Q

major elements

A

CHNOPS 98%

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3
Q

CHNOPS

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

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4
Q

lesser and trace elements

A

Fe, Si, As, Mg2+, Cu2+

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5
Q

minerals

A

make up 4% of the body. Ca & P are most abundant, present in bones in the body. minerals originate primarily in soil and plants. function as coenzymes

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6
Q

atom

A

smallest unit that retains the properties of an element. composed of 3 subatomic particles

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7
Q

neutrons

A

neutral charge, heavy

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8
Q

protons

A

positive charge, heavy = # of electrons

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9
Q

atomic number

A

name of element

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10
Q

atomic mass

A

protons + neutrons

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11
Q

atomic weight

A

average of atomic mass of all forms of an element

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12
Q

molecular weight

A

sum of all atomic weights

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13
Q

electrons

A

negative charge, very light, form a cloud around the nucleus

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14
Q

distribution of electrons

A

in a specific energy shell/level. 1st shell hold 2, remaining shells hold 8.

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15
Q

bohr models

A

represent electron distribution

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16
Q

valence electrons

A

the electrons in the outer most shell, the number of valence electrons dictates the reactivity of an element, atoms are most stable when the valence shell is full, 2 in the first and 8 in the second. will react with other atoms to fill their outermost shell

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17
Q

isotopes

A

different forms of one elemnt that vary in the number of neutrons present

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18
Q

radioisotopes

A

unstable isotopes, nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and high energy

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19
Q

ionizing radiation

A

energy that ejects electrons from atoms. creates ions that are carcinogenic. damages molecules. ex. UVrays, Xrays

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20
Q

ions

A

charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. can be a single atom or a group of atoms

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21
Q

cation

A

positive charge

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22
Q

anion

A

negative charge

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23
Q

electrolytes

A

ionize in h2o (acids, bases, salts), form solutions capable of conducting electricity. they conducts electrical currents from organs to skins surface. if they are imbalanced that can cause muscle cramps, brittle bones, coma, cardiac arrest

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24
Q

free radicals

A

chemical particles with an odd number of electrons. they come by some normal metabolic reactions of the body, radiation, chemicals. they can cause cancer, myocardial infarction (death of heart tissue)

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25
atioxidant
a chemical that neutralizes free radicals. some examples are selenium, vitamin e, vitamin c, cartenoids
26
molecule
2 or more atoms joined by a covalent bond
27
compound
molecules composed of 2 or more different elements
28
molecular weight
sum of the atomic weights of all atoms
29
chemical bonds within molecules
ionic bonds, covalent bonds, nonpolar covalent, polar covalent
30
ionic bond
attraction of a cation to an anion. not very strong. ex. Na+Cl-
31
covalent bond
2 atoms share electrons. very strong, solid, straight line. ex. C-C, O=O, C-H
32
nonpolar covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons. ex. O=O, C-C, C-H
33
polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons. ex. H-O-H
34
chemical bonds between molecules
hydrogen bond, van der waals forces
35
hydrogen bond
form between a hydrogen bonded to an electronegative atom and an electronegative atom of another molecule. ex. ... = hydrogen bond
36
van der waals forces
interactions between electrons of one molecule and nucleus of another. holds DNA nucleotides together, holds lizards to ceilings
37
mixture
physically mixed, but not chemically combined
38
water
H & O within a water molecule are bond together with polar, covalent bonds. H is bound to O from another molecule by hydrogen bonds
39
properties of water
solvency, adhesion, cohesion, chemical reactivity, thermal stability
40
solvency
many compounds dissolve in water. essential for transport of molecules throughout the body
41
hydrophillic
compounds dissolve in water
42
hydrophobic
compounds are not soluble in water
43
adhesion
attraction of water molecules to other molecules. sticks to something else. lubricates organ surfaces
44
cohesion
water bound to water molecules. water forms even coating over surfaces. creates surface tension. sticks to itself
45
chemical reactivity
water ionizes readily to H+ and OH- which participate in many biochemical reactions
46
thermal stability
water has a very high heat capacity. much energy is needed to heat water
47
solution
solute+solvent. clear with small particles. ex. beer, juice
48
colloid
large particles, but stay mixed in the solvent. ex. milk
49
suspension
largest particles, which settle out with time. ex. pulpy orange juice
50
emulsion
suspension of one liquid in another. ex.oil & vinegar.
51
weight/volume
ex. IV saline is 8.5g NaCl/L. common units = mg/dL. (1dL=100mL)
52
percentages
ex. 5g dextrose in 100mL = 5% w/v
53
molarity
1 molar solution is 1 mole of a molecule/L. 1 mole = 6.023 x 10p23 molecules
54
electrolyte concentrations
one equivalent (Eq) neutralizes 1 mole of H+ or OH-
55
acids
proton donor. ex. H2CO3(carbonic acid). NH4(ammonium). HCl-(hydrochloric acid)
56
base
proton acceptor. ex. HCO3-(bicarbonate), NH3(ammonia). Cl-(chloride)
57
pH
measure of the H+ in a solution. normal pH for a human is 7.4
58
buffer
resist changes in pH
59
potential energy
stored energy
60
kinetic energy
energy in motion
61
decomposition
catabolic. AB->A+B. large molecule broken into two or more smaller ones.
62
synthesis reaction
anabolic. A+B->AB. two or more molecules joined to make on big one.
63
exchange reaction
rearrangement of atoms
64
reversible reactions
go in either direction depending on the relative abundance of reactants. most biochemical reactions are reversible.
65
reaction rates
depend on temp, pH, salinity, presence of enzymes(catalyst)
66
backbone of organic compounds
C & H
67
functional groups
hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate
68
hydroxyl
OH-. carbohydrate
69
carboxyl
-C=O. carbohydrates, amino acids, protein
70
amino
-N+H3. amino acids, protein
71
phosphate
-PO43-. nucleotides (nucleic acids), ATP.
72
monomer
2monomers->polymer+H2O via dehydration synthesis
73
polymer
polymer+H2O->2 monomers via. hydrolysis
74
hydrolysis
gain water
75
dehydration synthesis
loose water
76
carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides. polysaccharides
77
monosaccharide
glucose, fructose. ex. fruit, processed foods, blood sugar
78
disaccharide
maltose, sucrose. ex. table sugar, lactose.
79
polysaccharide
cellulose, chitin. glycogen, . source of energy, stored in liver.
80
proteoglycans
large carbs with pieces of protein attached
81
lipids
don't dissolve in water. hydrophobic
82
fatty acids
long chains of 12-24 CH. can be saturated or unsaturated. causes heart disease
83
saturated
lots of hydrogen bonds
84
unsaturated
hydrogen can be added
85
monounsaturated
best heart health. cant make in body
86
cis
same side
87
trans
across
88
triglycerides
major fat in diet, strored as triglycerides. glycerol + 3 fatty acids. long term energy, insulation, hormones
89
phospholipids
like a triglyceride, with one fatty acid replaced by a hydrophilic phosphate group. has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
90
amphipathic
hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
91
eicosanoids
modified fatty acid. hormone like cell signaling, vasodilation, vasoconstriction.
92
steroid
hydrophobic. cholesterol is parent molecule. has 4 rings of C. sex hormones, bile acids. soap that dissolves fat
93
protein
mononmer is amino acid. amino acids join peptide bonds. all have same basic structure with different r groups.
94
primary
linear sequence of amino acids. covalent bonds, peptide bonds.
95
secondary
hydrogen bonding along the protein backbone. double helix.
96
tertiary
interaction of the r groups. coiled
97
quarternary
interaction of 2 polypeptide chains. tetramere. correct shape is essential for function
98
enzyme
catalyze most chemical reactions in the body
99
cofactor
inorganic element necessary to enzyme function
100
coenzyme
organic compound required by some enzymes
101
vitamin c
required for collagen symthesis
102
folic acid
required to make hemoglobin and for development of the spinal cord
103
niacin
make NADH which acts in cellular respiration
104
riboflavin
make FMN and FAD which acts in cellular respiration
105
ATP
most important energy molecule.

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