A&P exam 3 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
mucociliary escalator
A
remove inhaled debris by coughing and swallowing
2
Q
ventral respiratory group VRG
A
in reticular of medulla oblongata. Regulates breathing with I neurons and E neurons
3
Q
dorsal respiratory group DRG
A
in medulla, modifies rythrm of VRG
4
Q
pontine respiratory group PRG
A
in pons, transmits signals to VRG and DRG that modifies timeing of transition from inspiration to expiration
5
Q
boyle’s law
A
inspiratory muscles expand chest, intrapulmonary pressure drops. Inhalation
6
Q
charle’s law
A
lungs are also inflated by warming and expansion of inspired air
7
Q
alveolar surfactant
A
surface-active lipoprotein complex that minimizes resistance
8
Q
alveolar ventilation rate
A
equals 350 mL x respiratory rate
9
Q
restrictive disorders
A
reduce pulmonary compliance and vital capacity
10
Q
obstructive disorders
A
reduced speed of airflow
11
Q
eupnea
A
normal quiet respiration
12
Q
apnea
A
temporary ceased breathing
13
Q
dyspnea
A
shortness of breath
14
Q
hyperpnea
A
increased rate and deep breathing
15
Q
kussmaul
A
deep, rabid breathing induced by acidosis, seen in diabetes mellitus
16
Q
othopnea
A
shortness of breath when not standing
17
Q
tachypnea
A
accelerated respiration
18
Q
composition of air
A
79% N2, 21% O2, .04% CO2
19
Q
total pressure
A
sum of partial pressures of air: N2, O2, CO2
20
Q
henry’s law
A
amount of gas that diffuses from air into water is proportional to its solubility and partial pressure
21
Q
ventilation-perfusion coupling
A
matches airflow to bloodflow, ensures optimal gas exchange between air and blood
22
Q
what does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve show?
A
relationship between oxygen partial pressure and percentage of HbO2. binding first oxygen to hemoglobin accelerates binding of more O2 until hemoglobin is saturated
23
Q
carbonic anhydrase
A
prmotes loading of CO2 from tissues
24
Q
carbonic acid
A
breaks down to HCO3- and H+. H+ binds to hemoglobin. HCO3- is exchanged for Cl- from plasma
25
utilization coefficient
blood gives about 22% of O2 to the tissue. When entering capillary, it's 97% saturated. When leaving, it's 75% saturated. 22% used
26
bohr effect
hemoglobin adjusts O2 unloading in response to variations in tissue's oxygen partial pressure.
27
haldane effect
CO2 unloading is enhanced by O2 unloading. Hemoglobin picks up more CO2 from highly active tissues more than less active ones.
28
normal blood pH
7.35 to 7.45
29
acidosis
below 7.35
30
alklosis
above 7.45
31
hypercapnia
excess CO2
32
hypocapnia
CO2 deficiency
33
atelectasis
callapsed lung
34
pneumothorax
AIR in pleural cavity. No pressure for breathing
35
hypoxia
oxygen deficiency
36
hypoxemic hypoxia
due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange. Drowning, high altitudes
37
ischemic hypoxia
inadequate circulation
38
anemic hypoxia
due to anemia
39
histotoxic hypoxia
due to metablic poison like cyanide
40
cyanosis
blueness of skin
41
squamous celled carcinoma
most common. Begins with transformation of bronchial epithelium into stratified squamous
42
adenocarinoma
originates in mucous glands of lamina propria
43
small-cell carcinoma
least common, most dangerous. Originates in primary brochi, invades mediastinum, metastasizes quickly
44
cor pulmonale
hypertrophy and failure of right heart due to obstruction of pulmonary circulation
45
pleural effusion
FLUID in pleural cavity. No pressure for breathing
46
RAS
activates genes involved in cell growth, mutations
47
MYC
activates genes involved in cell proliferation, mutation
48
p53
regulator of cell cycle, tumor suppressor, mutations reduce effect
49
p16
regulator of cell cycle, tumor suppressor, mutations reduce effect
50
RB
regulator of cell cycle, tumor suppressor, mutations reduce effect
51
wedge resection
remove small section of lung with tumor and margin of healthy tissue
52
segmental resection
remove larger portion but not entire lobe
53
lobectomy
remove entire lobe
54
pneumonectomy
remove entire lung
55
avastin
stops tumor from creating new blood supply
56
tarceva
blocks chemicals that signal cancer cells to grow and divide
57
xalkori
blocks chemicals that allow cancer cells to grow out of control and live longer than normal cells
58
supportive of pallative care
no treatment. Live rest of life without treatment that has negative impact on quality of life
59
submucosal plexus
controls gladular secretion of mucosa, contractions of muscularis mucosae
60
myenteric plexus
controls peristalsis, contractions of muscularis externa
61
what does parietal cells secrete?
HCl and intrinsic factor
62
HCl
activates pepsin, break up ingested food, promote lipase action, convert Fe3+ to Fe2+
63
intrinsic factor
required for B12 absorption. Without this, B12 deficiency results in pernicious anemia
64
what does chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen and gastric lipase
65
gastric lipase
fat digesting enzyme
66
enteroendocrine cells
gut-brain peptides=coordinates dfferent regions of digestive tract with each other
67
receptive-relaxation response
movements of stomach that accomodates swallowed food
68
cephalic phase
mental and sensory stimuli lead to stimulation of gastric secretion and motility through vagus nerves
69
gastric phase
acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin stimulate secretion of HCl, intrinsic factor, and pepsinogen
70
intestinal phase
chyme in duodenum activates enterogastric reflex
71
enterogastric reflex
inhibit stomach secretion in intestinal phase
72
what does duodenal enteroendocrine cells secrete?
secretin and cholecystokinin
73
secretin
suppress gastric activity so stomach does not load chyme into duodenum too fast
74
cholescystokinin
suppress gastric activity so stomach does not load chyme into duodenum too fast
75
hepatic sinusoids
filter between blood and liver
76
sodium bicarbonate
neutralizes stomach acid
77
zymogens
digestive enzymes and precursors
78
pancreatic amylase
digests starch
79
pancreatic lipase
digests fat
80
ribonuclease
digests RNA
81
deoxyribonuclease
digests DNA
82
trypsin
digests proteins
83
chymotrypsin
digests proteins
84
carboxpeptidase
digests proteins
85
lacteal
lipid collecting lymphatic capillary
86
paneth cells
bacterium fighting cells in intestinal crypt epithelium
87
migrating motor complex
overlapping waves of peristalsis
88
sodium-dependent cotransport proteins
Absorb amino acids and pass them into the blood capillaries of the villus
89
bile acids
breaks fat into emulsification droplets in duodenum
90
lecithin
breaks fat into emulsification droplets in duodenum
91
emulsification droplets
Produced in the duodenum by breakup of dietary fat globules. Tiny globules of fat coated with lecithin and bile acids. Purpose is to expose more surface area to the action of pancreatic lipase.
92
lipase hydrolyzses triglycerides into____
free fatty acids and monoglyceride
93
micelles
from bile, collect FFF and monoglyceride and deliver them to surface of intestinal absorptive cells
94
chylomicrons
fat droplets covered in protein that diffuse into capillaries in small intestine
95
hepcidin
regulates iron absorption
96
haustral contractions
movements of large intestine, move feces short distance distally
97
intrinsic defecation reflex
triggered by stretching of rectum and mediated by myenteric nerve plexus. Drives feces downwards and relaxes internal anal sphincter
98
parasympathetic defecation reflex
stronger reflex for defecation
99
internal anal sphincter
smooth muscle, involuntary
100
external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle, voluntary
101
sodium-glucose transport protein
The plasma membrane of the absorptive cells has transport proteins that absorb monosaccharides as soon as the brush border enzymes release them. Absorbs glucose and galactose.
102
gut-brain peptides
regulates appetite
103
ghrelin
sense of hunger and induce eating
104
peptide YY
sense of satiety and stop eating
105
cholescystokinin
sense of satiety and stop eating
106
leptin
adiposity signals that tells brain how much fat you have. Regulates long term food intake and energy consumption
107
insulin
adiposity signals that tells brain how much fat you have. Regulates long term food intake and energy consumption
108
many of the gut-brain peptides act through _____ of hypothalamus
arcuate nucleus
109
neuropeptide Y
appetite stimulant
110
melanocortin
appetite suppressant
111
cravings: norepinephrine
carbohydrates
112
cravings: galanin
fats
113
cravings: endorphins
protein
114
dietary fiber
cellulose, pectin, gums and lignin. Promotes intestinal motility
115
pectin
lowers cholesterol in blood
116
linoleic acid
An essential fatty acid not made in the body but which is essential for growth and healthy skin
117
arachidonic acid
an omega-6 fatty acid derived from linoleic acid
118
lipoprotein
droplets of cholesterol and triglycerides coated with proteins and phospholipids
119
chylomicrons
formed in small intestine and transports dietary lipids throughout body
120
VLDL
transport lipids from liver to adipose tissue
121
LDL
remainders of VLDLs after trigycerides are removed. Transports cholesterols to cells that need it
122
HDL
transport cholesterol back to liver for disposal
123
nitrogen balance
state in which average daily nitrogen intake is equal to output
124
vitamins C and B are ______ soluble
water
125
vitamins A, D, E, and K are ______ soluble
fat
126
formula of oxidation of glucose
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O carbohydrate + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
127
NAD+
important in transferring electrons from on metabolic pathway to another
128
FAD
important in transferring electrons from on metabolic pathway to another
129
glycolysis
splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules. Net yield of 2 ATP per glucose
130
anaerobic fermentation
pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid. Regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis
131
aerobic respiration
uses pyruvic acid and produces much more ATP. End products CO2 and H2O, less toxic than lactic acid.
132
citric acid cycle
aerobic, breaks pyruvic acid down to CO2. generates 2 ATP per glucose. Generates 8 NADH and 2 FADH2
133
NADH
electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP, 8 produced in citric acid cycle
134
FADH2
electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP, 2 produced in citric acid cycle
135
proton pumps
the most important transport proteins, use energy from ATP to pump protons out of the cell
136
chemiosmotic mechanism
The formation of ATP in mitochondria and chloroplasts, resulting from a pumping of protons across a membrane (against a gradient of electrical charge and of pH), followed by the return of the protons through a protein channel with ATP synthase activity
137
ATP synthase
large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
138
glycogenolysis
hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose
139
gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose from glycerol or amino acids
140
adipocytes
store and release most of body's fat
141
lipogenesis
synthesis of fats from precursors such as sugars and amino acids
142
lipolysis
hydrolysis and oxidation of fatty acids and glycerol
143
beta oxidation
process in which fatty acids are degraded
144
acidic ketone bodies
produced by incomplete fatty acid oxidation
145
ketogenesis
production of acidic ketone bodies due to incomplete oxidation of fatty acids
146
ketoacidosis
excess ketone bodies
147
deamination
removal of amino grouo in amino acids for catabolism
148
heat loss center
triggers cutaneous vasodilation and sweating
149
heat promoting center
triggers shivering and cutaneous vasoconstriction
