A&P II - The Heart

Question 1

Where is the heart located?

Answer 1

In the mediastinum, between the lungs, superior to the diaphragm

Question 2

What is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 2

A space within the mediastinum that houses the heart and reduces friction

Question 3

What is the cardiac notch?

Answer 3

A depression in the left lung where the apex of the heart rests

Question 4

What is the base of the heart?

Answer 4

The superior part of the heart near the third costal cartilage

Question 5

What is the apex of the heart?

Answer 5

The inferior tip of the heart, between the 4th and 5th ribs

Question 6

What are the layers of the heart wall from outermost to innermost?

Answer 6

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

Question 7

What does the epicardium do?

Answer 7

Secretes lubricating serous fluid, contains blood vessels

Question 8

What is the myocardium composed of?

Answer 8

Cardiac muscle cells, responsible for contraction

Question 9

What is the endocardium composed of?

Answer 9

Endothelium and thin connective tissue; lines chambers and valves

Question 10

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 10

Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left atrium, Left ventricle

Question 11

What does the right atrium do?

Answer 11

Receives deoxygenated blood from SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus

Question 12

What does the right ventricle do?

Answer 12

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 13

What does the left atrium do?

Answer 13

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins

Question 14

What does the left ventricle do?

Answer 14

Pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circuit via the aorta

Question 15

What is the interatrial septum?

Answer 15

The wall that separates the two atria

Question 16

What is the interventricular septum?

Answer 16

The wall that separates the two ventricles

Question 17

What is the atrioventricular septum?

Answer 17

Houses openings for heart valves between atria and ventricles

Question 18

What are the four valves of the heart?

Answer 18

Tricuspid, Pulmonary semilunar, Mitral (bicuspid), Aortic semilunar

Question 19

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

Answer 19

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

Question 20

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

Answer 20

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Question 21

Where is the mitral valve located?

Answer 21

Between left atrium and left ventricle

Question 22

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

Answer 22

Between left ventricle and aorta

Question 23

What are chordae tendineae?

Answer 23

Tendinous cords that prevent valve prolapse by anchoring valve flaps

Question 24

What are papillary muscles?

Answer 24

Muscles that contract with the ventricles to stabilize valve flaps

Question 25

Describe the path of blood through the heart and lungs.

Answer 25

SVC/IVC → RA → Tricuspid → RV → Pulmonary valve → Lungs → LA → Mitral valve → LV → Aortic valve → Body

Question 26

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 26

To oxygenate blood by sending it to the lungs and back

Question 27

What is the function of the systemic circuit?

Answer 27

To send oxygenated blood to the body and return deoxygenated blood

Question 28

What does 'mediastinum' refer to?

Answer 28

The central compartment of the thoracic cavity where the heart is located

Question 29

What does 'pericardium' mean?

Answer 29

The membrane enclosing the heart, including fibrous and serous layers

Question 30

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

Answer 30

Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

Question 31

What is the visceral pericardium also called?

Answer 31

Epicardium

Question 32

What is the pericardial cavity filled with?

Answer 32

Serous fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats

Question 33

What is endothelium?

Answer 33

A smooth, simple squamous epithelium lining the inside of the heart and blood vessels

Question 34

What are endothelins?

Answer 34

Vasoconstrictor chemicals secreted by endocardial endothelium

Question 35

Which chamber receives blood from the coronary sinus?

Answer 35

Right atrium

Question 36

What is the function of the coronary sinus?

Answer 36

To drain deoxygenated blood from the myocardium into the right atrium

Question 37

What is the function of the AV valves?

Answer 37

Prevent backflow from ventricles into atria

Question 38

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

Answer 38

Prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles

Question 39

Why do semilunar valves not have chordae tendineae?

Answer 39

They rely on pocket-like flaps that close due to blood pressure

Question 40

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 40

An abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, often undiagnosed

Question 41

What is dextrocardia?

Answer 41

A rare condition where the heart is on the right side of the chest

Question 42

What is situs inversus?

Answer 42

A condition where all visceral organs are mirrored from their normal positions

Question 43

What is the only post-natal vein that carries oxygenated blood?

Answer 43

Pulmonary veins

Question 44

What is the only post-natal artery that carries deoxygenated blood?

Answer 44

Pulmonary artery

Question 45

How many liters of blood does the heart pump per day?

Answer 45

Approximately 14,000 liters

Question 46

What are trabeculae carneae?

Answer 46

Ridges of muscle in the ventricles that help prevent suction during contraction

Question 47

What is the moderator band?

Answer 47

A muscle band in the right ventricle that carries part of the conduction system

Question 48

Semilunar valves are located….

Answer 48

Semilunar valves are located between the ventricles and the arteries: the pulmonary valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, and the aortic valve is between the left ventricle and aorta.