A+P Neuro Flashcards
to prepare for E: A+P exam by the end of January 2013 (173 cards)
1
Q
Perikaryon is another name for
A
Neuron cell body or soma
2
Q
Neurons lack this organelle, due to their amitotic nature
A
centrioles
3
Q
Neurofibrils play a role in cellular _ + _
A
transport and shape
4
Q
Clusters of neurons in the CNS are named
A
nuclei
5
Q
Clusters of neurons in the PNS are named
A
ganglia
6
Q
Bundles of neuronal processes in the CNS
A
tracts
7
Q
Bundles of neuronal processes in the PNS
A
nerves
8
Q
Dendrites send info ___ the soma
A
to
9
Q
Axons send info __ the soma
A
from
10
Q
Impulses through dendrites are __ potentials
A
graded
11
Q
Each soma has up to __ axon
A
1
12
Q
A branch off an axon is called an __ __
A
axon collateral
13
Q
Axon collaterals branch from axons at the __ of __
A
nodes of Ranvier
14
Q
Ends of axons/collaterals are typically 10,000+ branches called ___
A
telodendria
15
Q
The fatty ___ protects and insulates the axon while increasing impulse speeds
A
myelin sheath
16
Q
Myelin sheaths in the CNS are formed by
A
oligodendrocytes
17
Q
Myelin sheaths in the PNS are formed by
A
Schwann cells
18
Q
Gray matter is composed of
A
neuronal cell bodies
19
Q
White matter is composed of
A
myelin sheaths
20
Q
Name the structural classifications of neurons
A
unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
21
Q
Of the structural classifications of neurons, which is most common in the CNS?
A
Multipolar
22
Q
Of the structural classifications of neurons, which is most common in human adults?
A
Multipolar
23
Q
Can a multipolar neuron have 0 axons?
A
yes
24
Q
Where are unipolar neurons found?
A
PNS
25
In unipolar neurons, the central process leads to the __
axon terminal
26
In unipolar neurons, the distal process leads to the
dendrites
27
Name the functional classifications of neurons
sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), association (interneurons)
28
Of the functional classifications, which is most prevalent?
interneurons (association)
29
Motor neurons are (afferent, efferent)
Efferent
30
Supportive cells in the CNS are termed
Glial cells, or neuroglia
31
Which glial cell transforms into a macrophage?
Microglia
32
Which glial cell serves as antigen-presenting cell?
Astrocytes
33
Which glial cell helps circulate CSF?
Endymal cells
34
Which glial cell anchors neurons to capillaries?
Astrocytes
35
Which is the most abundant glial cell?
Astrocytes
36
Which glial cell forms the myelin sheath?
Oligodendrocytes
37
Supporting cells in the PNS are called
Schwann cells
38
Usual neuronal membrane resting potential
-70mV
39
Inside of neuron is more (negative, positive) than outside during rest
negative
40
Sodium-Potassium pump helps restore the cell to resting membrane potential from undershoot by pumping 3 __ ions out of the cell
Na+
41
Sodium-Potassium pump sends 2 __ ions into the cell
K+
42
The Sodium-Potassium channel pump is __ -driven
ATP
43
Sodium-Potassium pump works via __ transport
active
44
Resting neurons have relatively high levels of
K+
45
Resting neurons have relatively low levels of
Na+
46
__ - influx leads to AP
Na+
47
In this type of potential, response is directly related to strength of stimulus
Graded potential
48
Graded potentials are (short/long)-acting
short
49
The main form of neuronal interaction
Action Potentials
50
Only __ can generate action potentials
axons
51
Reduction in membrane negativity, making action potential more likely
depolarization
52
Increase in membrane negativity, decreasing probability of action potential
hyperpolarization
53
During the resting phase, all voltage-gated ion channels are closed by __ can leak out of the cell
K+
54
After the action potential has been reached, there is a large __ efflux
K+
55
Closing K+ channels are sluggish, causing a __ after the action potential
undershoot
56
These potentials are all-or-none
action potentials
57
Disease in which myelin sheaths are destroyed, altering motor function, vision, incontinence
MS multiple sclerosis
58
Decrease in threshold potential resulting from rapidly stimulating the same neuronal tracts and causing faster propagation
Facilitation
59
Term referring to the electrical signal jumps between myelin sheaths
saltatory conduction
60
Period during which an AP is being generated and the neuron cannot respond to any other stimulus
absolute refractory period
61
Occurs after the absolute refractory period, action potential may occur if stimulus is strong enough
relative refractory period
62
This, the less common synapse type, allows rapid flow of ions between neurons
Electrical synapse
63
More common type of synapse, releases NT
Chemical
64
Depolarization leads to calcium _
influx
65
This ion is the chemical messenger signaling release of NT from storage vesicles
calcium
66
Was the first identified NT
ACh
67
overproduction of dopamine is related to this mental illness
schizophrenia
68
incoming signal to fiber is sent several different directions/parts of the circuit
divergence
69
multiple sources inform same neuronal pool
convergence
70
Peripheral NS divides into the somatic and ___ nervous systems
autonomic
71
The afferent and efferent NS are divisions of the _ nervous system
somatic
72
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are part of the __
autonomic nervous system
73
the cranial nerves are part of the __ NS
peripheral, PNS
74
The first cranial nerve is __
olfactory nerve
75
The Olfactory nerve is purely senory/motor and manages sense of ___
sensory, smell
76
The second cranial nerve is __
optic
77
The Optic nerve is (sensory/motor)
sensory only
78
This nerve provides sensory information about vision
Optic
79
The third cranial nerve is
Oculomotor
80
the oculomotor nerve is mostly (sensory/motor)
motor
81
The __ nerve controls most eye movements
Oculomotor
82
The 4th cranial nerve is ___
Trochlear
83
The Trochlear nerve is mostly (sensory/motor)
motor
84
The Trigeminal nerve is (sensory/motor/both)
both
85
The 5th cranial nerve is the __
trigeminal nerve
86
which cranial nerve receives facial sensory input and controls muscles of mastication
Trigeminal
87
The 6th cranial nerve
Abducens
88
Abducens nerve is mostly (sensory/motor)
motor
89
7th Cranial nerve
Facial
90
Facial nerve is motor/sensory/both
both
91
This cranial nerve controls facial muscle control and receives sensory input from part of the tongue
Facial
92
8th cranial nerve
Vestibulocochlear
93
Is the vestibulocochlear nerve mostly motor/sensory
sensory
94
Which cranial nerve senses sound, rotation and gravity?
Vestibulocochlear
95
9th cranial nerve
glossopharyngeal
96
Is the glossopharyngeal nerve motor/sensory/both?
both
97
10th cranial nerve
Vagus
98
Is the Vagus nerve motor/sensory/both?
both
99
This cranial nerve provides muscular function to most laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, parasympathetic innervation to abdominothoracic organs, and damage to it effects swallowing
Vagus
100
Cranial nerve 11
Accessory
101
the Accessory nerve is mainly motor/sensory
motor
102
this cranial nerve controls the shrug
Accessory
103
12th cranial nerve
Hypoglossal
104
Hypoglossal nerve is mainly motor/sensory
motor
105
This cranial nerve innervates tongue, helps with swallowing and speech
Hypoglossal
106
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
107
How many cervical nerves?
8
108
How many thoracic nerves?
12
109
How many lumbar nerves?
5
110
How many sacral nerves?
5
111
How many coccygeal nerves?
1
112
Dorsal root carries sensory/motor axons?
sensory
113
Ventral root carries sensory/motor axons?
motor
114
The forebrain is also called the
prosencephalon
115
The prosencephalon is another term for the
forebrain
116
The forebrain includes these two regions
telencephalon and diencephalon
117
The telencephalon and diencephalon form the ___
forebrain (prosencephalon)
118
The ____ includes the lateral ventricles, cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and rhinencephalon
telencephalon
119
The ____ includes the third ventricle, epithalamus, thalamus, metathalamus, and hypothalamus
diencephalon
120
The Neural ___ eventually forms all neural tissue
neural plate
121
The neural __ eventually forms all CNS structures
neural tube
122
The neural plate invaginates during the 3rd-4th week of pregnancy to form the
neural tube
123
The cortical ridges are called
gyri
124
the cortical grooves are called
sulci
125
This large brain area controls consciousness, including perceptions, communication, memory, comprehension, appreciation, and initiation of voluntary movements
cerebral cortex
126
The cerebral cortex is composed of __ matter
gray
127
__ cells allow conscious control of skeletal muscle
pyramidal
128
Primary motor cortex is found in this lobe
frontal
129
Somatosensory cortex is found in this lobe
parietal
130
Speech/motor area of left hemisphere
Broca's Area
131
Visual cortex is found in this lobe
occipital
132
the nose brain
rhinencephalon
133
which lobe contains the rhinencephalon
temporal lobe
134
This structure is composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
basal nuclei
135
This brain area influences movements, particularly stopping/starting and its destruction results in Parkinson's Disease
Basal nuclei
136
The major relay station of the brain
thalamus
137
This brain area is responsible for homeostasis: olfactory relay center, emotional response/behavior, body temp, hunger/thirst, sleep/wake, BP, HR, Respiratory Rate and depth, cardiac contractility, GI motility, sex drive
hypothalamus
138
The __thalamus contains the choroid plexus, produces CSF
epithalamus
139
The __ plexus forms CSF
choroid
140
The choroid plexus is found in the
epithalamus
141
The midbrain is also called the __encephalon
mesencephalon
142
The mesencephalon is another term for the
midbrain
143
The cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles, and corpora quadrigemina form the
Midbrain/mesencephalon
144
The brain stem includes these 3 structures
midbrain, pons, medulla
145
This portion of the midbrain houses pyramidal motor tracts
cerebral peduncles
146
This portion of the midbrain connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
147
This portion of the midbrain houses visual reflex, auditory relay, and startle reflex centers
corpora quadrigemina
148
The hindbrain is also called the __encephalon
rhomencephalon
149
The fourth ventricle, metencephalon, and myelencephalon compose the
hindbrain/rhombencephalon
150
The cerebellum and pons compose the
metencephalon
151
the medulla oblongata is also called the
myelencephalon
152
__ is the origin of the trigeminal, abducens, and facial nerves as well as the pneumotaxic center; also part of the reticular formation
pons
153
the decussation of pyramids is housed here
medulla
154
cardiovascular, respiratory, vomit/hiccup/swallow/cough/sneeze centers here, informed by the hypothalamus
medulla
155
The hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and vestibulocochlear nerves attach here
medulla
156
Smooth, coordinated muscle movements are controlled subconsciously here
cerebellum
157
T/F, the blood brain barrier allows flow of glucose, essential amino acids, and some electrolytes via facilitation diffusion
True
158
CSF is formed from
blood plasma
159
CSF is formed by the __ of each ventricle
choroid plexus
160
T/F CSF transports hormones
True
161
The ascending tracts of the spinal cord send sensory/motor info
sensory
162
The descending tracts of the spinal cord send motor/sensory info
motor
163
The posterior columns, spinothalamic pathways and spinocerebellar pathways are ascending/descending tracts
ascending
164
The _ tracts are responsible for conveying input on pain, temperature, deep pressure, and coarse touch (of the ascending tracts)
spinothalamic
165
The __ tracts are responsible for sending muscle or tendon stretch input (of ascending tracts)
spinocerebellar
166
the __ pathways are responsible for transmission of skin proprioceptor input, discriminate touch/pressure and limb/joint position (of ascending tract)
dorsal column
167
The categories of descending spinal tracts are
pyramidal and extrapyramidal
168
The descending corticospinal tract is pyramidal/extrapyramidal
pyramidal
169
The __ tract (of descending tracts) transmits voluntary skeletal muscle, precise/skilled movement
corticospinal
170
The ___ category of the descending tract regulate axial muscle control of balance/posture, coarse movements of proximal limbs, and head/neck/eye movements
extrapyramidal
171
__ of extrapyramidal descending tract controls muscle tone of contralateral distal limb movements
rubrospinal
172
The __ tract of extrapyramidal descending pathway controls visceral motor function, maybe unskilled movements
reticulospinal
173
visceral
deep
