A&P Quiz 3

Question 1

What are the seven functions of the skin?

Answer 1

• Acts as a mechanical and chemical barrier
• Protects internal structures and organs
• Participates in the immune response
• Performs an excretory function
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Acts as a sensory organ
• Regulates body temperature

Question 2

What are the two layers of skin?

Answer 2

• Epidermis
• Dermis

Question 3

What is the composition of the epidermis?

Answer 3

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue (avascular) with several layers

Question 4

What is the stratum corneum?

Answer 4

The uppermost layer of the epidermis, highly keratinized and constantly shedding

Question 5

What is the role of the stratum germinativum?

Answer 5

It produces new epithelial cells and is where cell division occurs

Question 6

What is the dermis composed of?

Answer 6

Dense connective tissue that provides strength and elasticity

Question 7

What are the accessory structures found in the dermis?

Answer 7

• Hair follicles
• Sebaceous glands
• Sudoriferous glands
• Sensory receptors
• Blood vessels
• Arrector pili muscle

Question 8

What is the hypodermis?

Answer 8

The subcutaneous layer beneath the dermis composed of loose connective and adipose tissue

Question 9

What factors influence skin color?

Answer 9

• Genes
• Physiology
• Pathology

Question 10

What pigment is primarily responsible for dark skin color?

Answer 10

Melanin

Question 11

What are the physiological changes that can affect skin color?

Answer 11

• Blushing/Flushed
• Pallor

Question 12

What is the definition of thermoregulation?

Answer 12

Balance of heat production and heat loss

Question 13

What is the core temperature?

Answer 13

The inner parts of the body, measured rectally

Question 14

What is the primary function of the eccrine glands?

Answer 14

Critical for temperature regulation through sweat secretion

Question 15

What is the difference between insensible and sensible perspiration?

Answer 15

• Sensible perspiration: Active secretion of sweat on hot days
• Insensible perspiration: Small amount of sweat secreted without awareness

Question 16

What is a first-degree burn?

Answer 16

A burn that is red, painful, and slightly swollen, involving only the epidermis

Question 17

What is the ‘Rule of Nines’ used for?

Answer 17

To evaluate the extent of burn injuries by dividing total body surface area into regions

Question 18

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 18

• Supports body weight
• Protects soft organs
• Enables movement with muscles
• Stores minerals (calcium, phosphorus)
• Regulates plasma calcium
• Produces blood cells

Question 19

What are the classifications of bones by shape?

Answer 19

• Long bones
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones

Question 20

What is compact bone?

Answer 20

Dense, hard bone tissue found primarily in the shafts of long bones

Question 21

What is spongy bone?

Answer 21

Less dense bone located primarily at the ends of long bones and in the center of other bones

Question 22

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

Answer 22

The long shaft composed primarily of compact bone

Question 23

What is the epiphysis?

Answer 23

The enlarged ends of a long bone that articulate with a second bone at a joint

Question 24

What is the role of osteoblasts?

Answer 24

Cells that build new bone tissue

Question 25

What is the function of osteoclasts?

Answer 25

Cells that break down bone matrix

Question 26

What is ossification?

Answer 26

The process of bone formation where bone tissue replaces cartilage

Question 27

What is the process whereby osteoclasts break down bone matrix called?

Answer 27

Bone resorption ## Footnote Bone resorption is distinct from reabsorption.

Question 28

What are the two types of bone growth during maturation from infancy to adulthood?

Answer 28

* Longitudinal growth * Appositional growth

Question 29

What role do osteoblasts play in bone formation?

Answer 29

Osteoblasts deposit bone on the external bone surface.

Question 30

How does exercise affect bone growth?

Answer 30

Exercise and weight-bearing activities make bones grow thicker and wider.

Question 31

What is the primary function of osteoclasts?

Answer 31

Osteoclasts hollow bone and facilitate bone resorption.

Question 32

List the bones of the axial skeleton.

Answer 32

* Skull * Vertebral column * Thoracic cage

Question 33

What are the main components of the skull?

Answer 33

* Cranium * Facial bones * Middle ear bones

Question 34

How many bones are in the cranium?

Answer 34

Eight bones

Question 35

What are the names of the facial bones?

Answer 35

* Mandible * Maxilla * Palatine bones * Zygomatic bones

Question 36

What is the vertebral column also known as?

Answer 36

Backbone

Question 37

List the bones of the appendicular skeleton.

Answer 37

* Pelvic girdle * Upper extremities * Lower limbs

Question 38

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 38

* Scapulae * Clavicles

Question 39

What is the acetabulum?

Answer 39

A depression formed of ilium, ischium, and pubis bones.

Question 40

What are the three main types of joints?

Answer 40

* Immovable joints * Slightly movable joints * Freely movable joints

Question 41

What is a condyle?

Answer 41

A large rounded knob that usually articulates with another bone.

Question 42

What is the difference between a simple fracture and a compound fracture?

Answer 42

A simple fracture has intact skin; a compound fracture pierces the skin.

Question 43

What is a greenstick fracture?

Answer 43

An incomplete break in the bone, usually occurring in children.

Question 44

What causes a spiral fracture?

Answer 44

A twisting type of force applied to the bone.

Question 45

What is an impacted fracture?

Answer 45

A comminuted fracture where the broken bone parts are jammed into each other.

Question 46

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 46

Seven cervical vertebrae

Question 47

What is flexion in terms of joint movement?

Answer 47

Bending of a joint that decreases the angle between the bones.

Question 48

What is plantar flexion?

Answer 48

Bending the foot down, as in toe dancing.

Question 49

What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

Answer 49

* Abduction: Movement away from the midline * Adduction: Movement toward the midline

Question 50

What does supination mean?

Answer 50

Turning the hand so that the palm faces upward.

Question 51

What is circumduction?

Answer 51

A combination of movements creating a circular arm motion.

Question 52

What are false ribs?

Answer 52

Ribs 8-12 that do not attach directly to the sternum.

Question 53

Where is the radius located in relation to the ulna?

Answer 53

On the lateral or thumb side when the palm is facing forward.

Question 54

What is the role of the ulna in the forearm?

Answer 54

It is the longer bone located on the medial or little finger side.