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Geography A Level > A. Volcanoes > Flashcards

A. Volcanoes Flashcards

1
Q

Java’s population density is over ___ people per km2

A

Java’s population density is over 800 people per km2

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2
Q

How many people live on the slopes of Mount Merapi?

A

1.1 million

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3
Q

How many people live in Yogyakarta city, and how far is it from Mt Merapi?

A

3 million people live there, just 25km away from the volcano

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4
Q

Why is Merapi active?

A
  • On a volcanic island arc
  • Destructive plate boundary - Australian Plate subducting under Eurasian (Sunda) palte
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5
Q

When did Merapi erupt?

A

26th October 2010

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6
Q

What were the primary ground-based hazards of the Mt Merapi eruption?

A
  • Earthquakes preceding eruption - averaging about 10 a day, up to magnitude 2.5 on Richter scale
  • Pyroclastic flows from the summit on eruption day (travelled 8km), later followed by over 35 further pyroclastic flows (travelled up to 18km).
  • Over the first five days of eruption, explosions were felt more than 20km from the volcano
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7
Q

What were the primary aerial hazards of Mt Merapi eruption?

A
  • Ash plumes up to 18km high in altitude; ash fall in towns over 240km away, heavily in towns within 26km.
  • Thunderstorms from ash clouds - St Elmo’s Fire
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8
Q

What were the primary social impacts of Mt Merapi eruption?

A
  • December 2010 death toll - 353 people
  • Additional 487 people hospitalised and 800 recorded as suffering psychological effects from the loss of family and livelihood.
  • Kinahrejo village destroyed, killing 35 people including Merapi gatekeeper Mbah Maridjan.
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9
Q

What were the primary economic impacts of Mt Merapi eruption?

A
  • 870 hectares of forest and farmland destroyed, costing an estimated $3.6 million
  • Villages of Selo, Magelang and Muntilan were covered in 4cm of ash
  • Merapi Response Radio reported that all schools within 120km of the volcano were to close due to concerns over ash fall.
  • Flights from Yogyakarta and Solo airports were cancelled for two weeks - one plane had to make an emergency landing due to ash and tephra.
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10
Q

What were the secondary hazards of the Mt Merapi eruption?

A
  • November-April rainy season caused heavy rainfall to mix with earlier pyroclastic flow material, forming lahars, which often flowed down river valleys, affecting villages up to 26km from the volcano.
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11
Q

What were the secondary impacts of the Mt Merapi eruption?

A
  • Lahars damaged houses and farms in the Magelang district up to 26km from the volcano, affecting around 3,000 people.
  • 21 January lahar ran down the Amat river valley: villages of Rangkah and Kinahrejo obliterated, killing a further 33 people and all the local cattle, making farming impossible.
    It also destroyed 44 houses and a number of businesses in Jumoyo, but there were no casualties.
  • New industry of mining and selling the material emerged - volcanic debris makes excellent building material when mixed with water.
  • Some members of the community took to selling drinks and pictures to tourists who came to see the lahar and the stone spirits.
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12
Q

How did the Indonesian government respond to the Mt Merapi eruption?

A
  • US$2.6 million of support allocated for disaster, managed through the National Disaster Mitigation Agency
  • Military used to build makeshift hospitals and public kitchens in the safe zone and serve evacuated persons
  • Merapi Response Radio reported that all schools within 120km of the volcano were to close due to concerns over ash fall.
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13
Q

How did NGOs react to the Mt Merapi eruption?

A
  • Further assistance granted from NGOs including Action on Hunger, Indonesian Red Cross and the Red Crescent Authority
  • World Health Organisation provided support alongside Indonesian Ministry of Health - distributed blankets, 6 tons of emergency energy biscuits across shelters and over 100,000 face masks prioritised for shelters closest to the volcano.
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14
Q

How did Indonesia recover from the Mt Merapi eruption?

A
  • 15,000 earthquake resistant houses built
  • Housing assistance grants to ‘build back better’ - 48% of households who received housing assistance reported an increase in quality of life post-disaster
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15
Q

What were the total damages and losses from the eruption which Indonesia needed to recover from?

A

Total damages and losses from the eruption were over $600 million; this was due to the decline of tourism, lost livestock and damage to manufacturing and agricultural centres.

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16
Q

How did Indonesia seek to mitigate the effects of future eruptions?

A
  • 2,500 families have moved to government built houses in relocation sites away from the volcano - 81 now live in Karang Kendal, several kilometres further down from their previous village
17
Q

How did Indonesia seek to prepare for the next disaster?

A
  • Three-tier warning system established in 2010 - government monitoring centres regularly inform appointed community representatives of the threat level so they can disseminate information to those around them
  • Use of hand-held radios set to the same frequency allowing for consistent updates and interchanges about conditions on the volcano
  • Road and bridge infrastructure leading off Mt Merapi was improved to make evacuation more efficient
  • Governmental and non-governmental groups have conducted a number of training sessions in communities - evacuation preparation
18
Q

When did Eyafjallajökull erupt?

A

March 2010

19
Q

Why type of plate boundary is Eyafjallajökull on?

A
  • Constructive (divergent) plate boundary with a magma plume
20
Q

What were the primary impacts of the 2010 Eyafjallajökull eruption in Iceland?

A
  • Thin layer of ash, often only as thin as 3mm, deposited over Iceland’s coastal sand plain, which became wet and compact from rainfall and smothered Iceland’s crops and pasture
  • This ash fall also forced livestock to be kept indoors, and contained fluoride which could contaminate water supplies - dangerous for animals.
  • Sections of Iceland’s main national circular highway, Route 1, were washed away by a Jökullhlaup due to meltwater surges from lava melting the ice cap from underneath.
21
Q

Which primary hazard of the 2010 Eyafjallajökull eruption caused disruption in the rest of Europe?

A
  • Huge volcanic ash cloud reaching heights of 7km altitude, which was blown over northern Europe by clockwise high-altitude wind, cancelling most flights in northern Europe
22
Q

What were the primary impacts of the 2010 Eyafjallajökull eruption outside Iceland?

A
  • Mass airport closure across all of northern Europe (18 April - 313 Airports forced to close)
  • Airports said to be losing an estimated £130 million a day during mid-April
  • An assesment in September 2010 by the Association of European Airlines estimated that its members lost a total of £709 million, while globally airlines lost an estimated £1.05bn.
  • Demand for jet oil also slumped by 2 million barrels a day
23
Q

What were the negative secondary impacts of the Eyafjallajökull eruption? (Secondary impacts of primary hazard!)

A
  • Freight badly affected - 40% of the world’s goods transported by air, especially high value/low weight goods such as medicinal drugs, ‘time-sensitive’ high-tech items and ‘premium’ goods such as Scottish whisky.
  • Cancellation of flights in Iceland forced fishermen in Westman Islands to use ferry links to transport fish.
  • Losses of £1.7 billion to European Travel Agency
  • Prices of stocks and shares in companies relying on air freight fell steeply
  • Producers of products such as flowers and fruit in Africa and the Carribbean were badly hit - Kenya alone said to be losing £2.4 million a day
24
Q

What were the positive secondary impacts of the Eyafjallajökull eruption? (Secondary impacts of primary hazard!)

A
  • Eurostar rail services from London to France and Germany carried up to 50,000 extra passengers a day.
  • Long-distance rail services between Scotland and England, as well as cross-Channel ferries, also profited.
25
Q

What were the responses to the Eyafjallajökull eruption in Iceland?

A
  • Over 700 people in the immediate surroundings of Eyafjallajökull were evacuated
  • Red Cross opened emergency shelters for evacuees in nearby villages
  • Emergency phase declared by ICP system after a second, larger eruption on April 14th
  • Apri 15th - roads closed and access restrictions enforced around eruption site in response to a glacial outburst flood on ISS slopes.
  • Temporary service centres opened as 1-stop-shops for locals needing assistance
26
Q

What were the responses to the Eyafjallajökull eruption in the rest of the world?

A
  • European flight authorities banned all IFR flights for several days in 2010
  • European Commission gave state aid to airlines / airports badly hit by the flight shut-downs, though full compensation was not given
27
Q

How did Iceland recover from the Eyafjallajökull eruption?

A
  • Representatives from the world’s air industries met at Keflavik airport in September 2010 to discuss future responses to eruptions
  • 2.3 million local insurance claims made in Iceland
  • River banks in Iceland build even higher in response to further Jökullhlaups
28
Q

How did the wider world seek to mitigate future disasters such as Eyjafjallajökull?

A
  • EU developed an integrated air traffic management structure - 9 ‘Functional Airspace Blocks ‘ to replace the existing 27 areas, reducing risk of closing all European airspace in the event of future eruptions
  • Efforts made to include greater scientific opinion in policy making - connections with operation service providers from many VAACs to advance knowledge on ash characterisation, and modelling ash plumes to improve prediction and monitoring.
  • World Meteorological Organisation organised a workshop to do this with London VAAC in 2010

VAAC = Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre

29
Q

Which features did Iceland have to mitigate the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption?

A
  • Iceland’s extensive eruption history means that most locals are aware of risks and know what to do in the event of an eruption.
  • Financial support services already available for farmers affected by eruption
  • 2006 public awareness campaign incorporated evacuation drills for inhabitants of potentially threatened areas
30
Q

How was Iceland prepared for the 2010 Eyafjallajökull eruption?

A
  • Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
  • Residents received a 30-minute warning before the eruption by text
  • Eyjafjallajökull actively monitored using seismic sensors, observing glacial river runoff and radar at Keflavik Airport.
  • 11 weeks before eruption, one side of E15 was swollen by 15cm.
  • Contingency plans created by Icelandic Department for Civil Protective and Emergency Planning (ICP)
  • Full-scale evacuation exercise in 2006
  • Diggers in position to dam rivers.

Geography A Level (33 decks)

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