A1 - Physical development across the life stages

Question 1

What is growth?

Answer 1

Growth is described as a change in length, height, weight or dimensions.

Question 2

What is development?

Answer 2

Development is the acquisition of skills and abilities throughout the life stages.

Question 3

Define Gross Motor Skills.

Answer 3

Gross Motor Skills are skills involving large movements from large muscles. E.g: Torso, arms, legs, hands and feet.

Question 4

Define Fine Motor Skills.

Answer 4

Fine Motor Skills are skills involving small movements from small muscles in the fingers and hands.

Question 5

Define Milestones.

Answer 5

Milestones are developmental norms.

Question 6

What are the four principles of growth?

Answer 6

The four principles of growth are:
* Growth rates are not constant
* Different parts of the body grow at different rates.
* Growth rates vary between children.
* The Growth rate of boys is usually faster on average than that of girls, as men tend to be taller than women.

Question 7

What are the four areas of development?

Answer 7

The four areas of development are:
* Physical development
* Intellectual development
* Emotional development
* Social development

Question 8

Define Physical development.

Answer 8

Physical development is the growth and other physical changes that happen to our body throughout life.

Question 9

Define Intellectual development.

Answer 9

Intellectual development is the development of language, memory and thinking skills.

Question 10

Define Emotional development.

Answer 10

Emotional development is the ability to cope with feelings about ourselves as welll as our feelings towards others.

Question 11

Define Social development

Answer 11

Social Development is the ability to form friendships, relationships and being independent.

Question 12

State each of the the life stages including their age ranges.

Answer 12

Life stages:

• Infancy (0-2)
• Early Childhood (3-8)
• Adolescence (9-18)
• Early Adulthood (19-45)
• Middle Adulthood (46-65)
• Later Adulthood (65+)

Question 13

Where do Infants develop their gross motor skills?

Answer 13

Infants develop their gross motor skills from the head down.

Question 14

A1.2

What are Newborns able to do? (Gross Motor Skills)

Answer 14

Newborns primarily use primitive reflexes such as the Palmer Grasp.

Question 15

A1.2

What are Infants at 1 month old able to do? (Gross Motor Skills)

Answer 15

Infants at 1 month old are able to lift their chin, whilst also having some control of their head.

Question 16

What can Infants do at around 6 months? (Gross Motor Skills)

Answer 16

At around 6 months, Infants can gradually control muscles in their neck and back so they can walk, sit and crawl.

Question 17

What can Infants do at around 12-13 months? (Gross Motor Skills)

Answer 17

At around 12-13 months, the muscles in their legs develop so that they can stand alone and walk without help.

Question 18

What can Infants do at around 18 months old?

Answer 18

At around 18 months old they can climb furniture.

Question 19

A1.2

What can Infants do at around 2 years old? (Gross Motor Skills)

Answer 19

• At 2 years, infants can propel a sit-on toy.
• At 2 ½ years, they can kick a ball and jump from a low step.

Question 20

A1.2

Name actions that use Gross Motor Skills.

Answer 20

Actions that use Gross Motor skills include:
* Walking
* Crawling
* Running
* Balancing
* Skipping
* Jumping
* Scooting
* Pushing
* Pulling
* Climbing
* Bending
* Co-ordinating

Question 21

A1.3

What can Children at 3-4 years old do? (Gross Motor Skills)

Answer 21

At 3-4 years old, children can do a number of things. This includes:
* From around 3 years - they can pedal and control a bicycle.
* At around 3 years old, they can also throw a ball. But at 4 years old, they will be able to aim it.
* At 3-4 years old, they can balance and walk along a line.
* At 3-4 years old, they can run forwards and backwards.
* At 3-4 years old, they can hop on one foot.

Question 22

A1.3

What can Children at 5-8 years old do? (Gross Motor Skills)

Answer 22

At 5-8 years old children are able to do even more things. Such as:
* From about 5-8 years old, they can balance on a low beam.
* At about 5-8 years old, they can hop, skip and jump confidently.
* At about 5-8 years old, they can accurately throw and catch a ball.
* At 5-8 years old, they can skip with a rope.
* By about 6 years old, they can ride a bicycle.

Question 23

A1.2

What should a Newborn be able to do? (Fine Motor Skills)

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Answer 23

Newborns should be able to hold their thumb in their fingers.

Question 24

A1.2

What should an infant at 3 months old be able to do? (Fine Motor Skills)

Answer 24

At 3 months old, they should be able to hold a rattle for a short time.

Question 25

# **A1.2** What should an **infant** at **6 months old** be able to do? (**Fine** **Motor** **Skills**)

Answer 25

At **6 months old**, they should be able to grasp a toy and pass it to their other hand. And also be able to pick up dropped toys if they're in sight.

Question 26

# **A1.2** What should an **infant** at **12-13 months old** be able to do? (**Fine** **Motor** **Skills**)

Answer 26

At **12-13 months old**, they should be able to manipulate and place toys.

Question 27

# **A1.2** What should an **infant** be able to do at **18 months**? (**Fine** **Motor** **Skills**)

Answer 27

They should be able to: * build with small blocks * use a spoon * make marks with crayons using a **palmar grip**.

Question 28

# **A1.2** What should an **infant** at **2 years old** be able to do? (**Fine** **Motor** **Skills**)

Answer 28

They should be able to: * pull on shoes * control their crayon to draw circles and dots.

Question 29

# **A1.3** What should **children** be able to do at **3 years old**? (**Fine** **Motor** **Skills**)

Answer 29

They should be: * developing a **tripod grasp**, * able to use a fork and spoon, * turn pages of a book * button/unbutton clothing.

Question 30

# **A1.3** What should **children** be able to do at **4 years old**? (**Fine** **Motor** **Skills**)

Answer 30

They should be able to: * thread small beads * colour in pictures

Question 31

# **A1.3** What should **children** at **5 years old** be able to do? **(Fine Motor Skills)**

Answer 31

They should be able to: * Control muscles in fingers * Manipulate construction blocks and use hand eye coordination to fit the piece into the correct place. * Writes their own name - forming letters correctly. * By the time they're 8, they will use joined up handwriting.

Question 32

# **A1.3** What is **gripping**? (**Fine Motor Skills**)

Answer 32

**Gripping** is having the strength in fingers and hands to hold an object firmly.

Question 33

# **A1.3** What is **manipulation**? (**Fine Motor Skills**)

Answer 33

**Manipulation** is skillfull movments of objects using fingers and hands, such as twisting and turning and passing objects from one hand to the other

Question 34

# **A1.3** What is **hand-eye coordination**? (**Fine Motor Skills**)

Answer 34

**Hand eye coordination** is the control of eye movement at the same time as finger and hand movement.

Question 35

# **A1.3** What are the activities which involve **gripping**? (**Fine Motor Skills**)

Answer 35

Activities which involve **gripping** are: * holding a rattle * holding a tricycle handle * holding a spoon

Question 36

# **A1.3** What are the activities which involve **hand eye** - **coordination**? (**Fine** **Motor** **Skills**)

Answer 36

**Activities which involve handeye coordination are:** * writing * sewing * completing jigsaw puzzles

Question 37

# **A1.3** What are the activites which involve manipulation? (**Fine** **motor** **skills**)

Answer 37

**Activites which involve manipulation:** * building with blocks * playing a musicial instrument * playing with and placing farm animals/cars.

Question 38

# **A1.2** What are **Infants** able to do at **3 months old**? (**Gross** **Motor** **Skills**)

Answer 38

**Infants** at **3 months old** are able to lift their head and chest when they're laying on their front.

Question 39

# **A1.2** What can **Infants** do at around **9-10 months**? (**Gross Motor Skills**)

Answer 39

At around **9-10 months**, **Infants** will start crawling and beginning to cruise (walking while holding on to objects).

Question 40

# **A1.2** What can **Infants** do at around **18 months**? (**Gross Motor Skills**

Answer 40

**Infants** at **18 months** should be able to climb onto furniture.

Question 41

# **A1.2** What should an **Infant** at **1 month old** be able to do? (**Fine Motor Skills**)

Answer 41

At **1 month old**, an Infant should be able to open their hands to grasp a finger.

Question 42

# **A1.2** What should infants be able to do at **9-10 months old**? (**Fine Motor Skills**)

Answer 42

**Infants** aged **9-10 months**, should be able to use their finger and thumb to hold a small object.

Question 43

# **A1.2** What should an **Infant** at **2 ½ years old** be able to do? (**Fine Motor Skills**)

Answer 43

An **Infant** at **2 ½ years old** should be able to use a fork and spoon.

Question 44

# **A1.4** What is **Adolescence**?

Answer 44

**Adolescence** is an important status change following the onset of **Puberty** during which a young person develops from a child into an adult.

Question 45

# **A1.4** What is **Puberty**?

Answer 45

**Puberty** is a rapid change in growth which is experienced by both males and females.

Question 46

# **A1.4** How does **Puberty** start?

Answer 46

**Puberty** starts when a **hormone** in the brain sends a signal to the **pituitary gland** , which releases **hormones** that stimulate the **Ovaries** in girls and the **Testes** in boys to produce **Sex Hormones**.

Question 47

# **A1.4** **Puberty in Boys**

Answer 47

* In boys, the **hormone** **Testosterone** is produced by the Testes. * It stimulates Sperm production in Males. * Boys also tend to start Puberty at around 13-15 years old.

Question 48

# **A1.4** **Puberty in Girls**

Answer 48

* In girls, the **hormone** **Oestrogen** and **Progesterone** are produced in the **Ovaries**. * **Oestrogen** causes **eggs** to **mature** in the **Ovaries**. * **Oestrogen/Progesterone** are involved in maintaining the Uterus Lining. * In girls, Puberty tends to start between 11-13 years old, however it may be earlier.

Question 49

# **A1.4** What are **Primary Sexual Characteristics?**

Answer 49

**Primary Sexual Characteristics** are those that are *present* at birth.

Question 50

# **A1.4** What are **Hormones**?

Answer 50

**Hormones** are chemical substances produced in the body and transported in the bloodstream that stimulate secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 51

# **A1.4** What are **Secondary Sexual Characteristics?**

Answer 51

**Secondary Sexual Characteristics** appear during Puberty/Later in life.

Question 52

# **A1.4** Name **Primary Sexual Characteristics** that occur in females.

Answer 52

**Primary Sexual Characteristics** that occur in Females are: * The Uterus enlarges and Vagina lengthens. * The Ovaries begin to release eggs. * The Menstrual cycle commences.

Question 53

# **A1.4** Name **Primary Sexual Characteristics** that occur in Males.

Answer 53

**Primary Sexual Characteristics** that occur in Males are: * The enlargement of Penis and Testes. * Spontaneous erections caused by blood flowing into chambers in the penis may happen. * The Testicles begin to produce Spermatozoa (sperm), beginning of ejaculations.

Question 54

# **A1.4** Name **Secondary Sexual Characteristics** that occur in Females.

Answer 54

**Secondary Sexual Characteristics** that occur in Females are: * The Breasts develop and the areola (the area around the nipple) swells and darkens. * Hair grows in armpits and pubic area. * Redistribution of body fat - causing hips to widen.

Question 55

# **A1.4** Name **Secondary Sexual Characteristics** that occur in Males.

Answer 55

**Secondary Sexual Characteristics** that occur in Males are: * The Larynx changes which causes the voice to deepen. * Hair grows in armpits, pubic hair and facial hair. * Redistribution of muscle tissue and fat.

Question 56

# **A1.5** What is **Maturation**?

Answer 56

**Maturation** is where individuals reach their physical maturity and peak fitness.

Question 57

# **A1.5** Physical state between the **ages of 19 and 28**.

Answer 57

**Physical state** between the ages of 19 and 28: * Hand-eye coordination is at its peak. * Young adults have now reached their full height and strength. * Reaction times and manual dexterity also reach their peak. * Sexual characteristics are fully developed. * Women are at their most fertile and can become Pregnant and Lactate.

Question 58

# **A1.5** Physical state after **28 years old.**

Answer 58

**Physical state** after 28 years old: * Decline in physical capabilities. * Gradually lose strength and speed. **However, these changes may go unnoticed:** * Individuals have healthy diets. * Maintain a healthy lifestyle. * Take regular excercise

Question 59

# **A1.5** **Pregnancy** and **lactation** in a **female**.

Answer 59

**Lifespan:** * During this stage **Pregnancy** can occur. * During this, many women experience many Physical and emotional changes. * During Pregnancy, hormones released can cause mood changes. * Increase in **Progesterone** - maintains pregnancy. * **Oestrogen** - may be responsible for sickness some suffer from.

Question 60

# **A1.5** The Healthy Lifestyle of a **Pregnant Woman**.

Answer 60

During **Pregancy**, there are a number of things women can do to keep both themselves and their baby healthy. **Such as:** * Not Smoking * Not drinking alcohol. * Not taking recreational drugs. * Eating Healthily and not eating for 2. * Getting a healthy eating routine. * Taking pre-natal supplements. * Keeping active - walking etc. But not starting completely new excercise habbits as soon as you get Pregnant - just stick to what your body is used to.

Question 61

# **A1.5** What is **Perimenopause**?

Answer 61

**Perimenopause** is the gradual ending of Menstruation.

Question 62

# **A1.5** The process of **Perimenopause**.

Answer 62

* Women in their forties produce less Oestrogen from their Ovaries. * Ovaries don't produce eggs every month. * This stage is generally given the name **Perimenopause** transition, this lasts until the **Menopause**. * An average is 4-5 years for this transition, however it could be months or years. * The stage of Perimenopause ends when a woman has not had a monthly period for 12 months. * During this period, women can experience emotional and physical symptoms.

Question 63

# **A1.5** What is **Menopause**?

Answer 63

**Menopause** is the ending of Female fertility, including the ending of Menstruation and the reduction in the production on Female sex organs.

Question 64

# **A1.5** Symptoms of **Menopause**

Answer 64

The symptoms of **Menopause** are: * Hot flushes and night sweats. * Mood Swings. * Loss of Libido. * Vaginal dryness. * Fatigue. * Irregular or very heavy periods. * Trouble sleeping. * Urine Leakage when coughing/sneezing. * Urine Urgency. This can also lead to: * Anxiety/Depression * Osteoperosis

Question 65

# **A1.6** Middle Age Spread

Answer 65

The **Middle Age Spread** is described as the phenomenon when adults may eat the same as they did in early adulthood but they're less active in middle adulthood. So this means that they may: * Have increased weight and waistline. * Loss of skin elasticity. * Loss of muscle tone and strength * Greying of hair * Thinning of hair/hair loss * Wrinkles.

Question 66

# **A1.7** What does **Life Expectancy** mean?

Answer 66

**Life expectancy** is the estimate of the number of years, on average, that a person can expect to live. It is sometimes called **longevity** Nowadays, people tend to live longer. This can be for a number of reasons, such as: * Improved Healthcare. * Pensions. * Improved awareness of lifestyle choices.

Question 67

# **A1.7** The Ageing process in Later Adulthood

Answer 67

As people start to steadily approach Later Adulthood, there's a decline/change in lots of things around the body. This includes: * Less elasticity in the skin. * A decline in strength. * Loss of muscle * Loss of Stamina * Reduction in vision * Reduction in hearing * Thinning of the hair on the head and in pubic areas. * A decline in the performance of organs. * Higher susceptibility to infection. * Increased likelihood of injuries caused by falls. There may also be a decline in their intellectual ability, such as: * Memory * Recall * Speed of thinking Older people are also more likely to have Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimers.