A11: Safeguarding Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
6 safeguarding principles
A
- Proportionality
- Empowerment
- Accountability
- Partnership
- Protection
- Prevention
2
Q
Empowerment in safeguarding
A
The individual should be supported to make their own decisions based on the best possible information
3
Q
Prevention in safeguarding
A
Better to take action before harm occurs
4
Q
Proportionality in safeguarding
A
Actions should be proportionate to the risk, being overprotective can disadvantage service users to be able to make their own decisions
5
Q
Protection in safeguarding
A
Service users who are in greatest need of support and protection
6
Q
Partnership in safeguarding
A
Working with a range of professionals, groups and communities to prevent, detect and report neglect or abuse
7
Q
Accountability in safeguarding
A
Healthcare professionals need to be accountable for any activities in relation to safeguarding
8
Q
Why is safeguarding important
A
Important for protection from harm, abuse and neglect
9
Q
What is the purpose of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 plus Amendment (2019)?
A
Provides a framework for the implementation of the principles and provisions to empower and protect individuals
10
Q
5 principles underpinning Mental Capacity Act 2005
A
- Always assume a person has capacity unless proven otherwise
- Take all practicable steps to enable people to make their own decisions
- Do not assume mental incapacity because of an unwise decision
- Always act for a person without capacity in their best interests
- Carefully consider actions to ensure least restrictive option is taken
11
Q
Define ‘Lack Capacity’
A
Unable to use and understand information to make a decision. Requires specific criteria to be met.
12
Q
Define ‘Clinical commissioning Group (CCG)’
A
Most of the NHS commissioning budget is now managed by 209 CCGs. These are groups of general practices which come together in each area to commission the best services for their patients and the local population.
13
Q
What is the LPS
A
- Replace Deprivation of Liberty Safeguard (DoLS) system.
- They are used to protect and improve the outcomes of individuals who lack the capacity to consent to their own care arrangements.
14
Q
What changes did the LPS make
A
- Three assessments will form the basis of the authorisation of Liberty Protection Safeguards.
- the family of the individual will have a greater involvement
- There will be a targeted approach.
- The scheme will be extended to 16- and 17-year-olds
- The scheme will be extended to domestic settings.
- Clinical commissioning groups (CCGs), NHS trusts and local health boards will act as Responsible Bodies
15
Q
What is the Care Act 2014?
A
Underlines the importance of protecting the most vulnerable in society from harm, abuse and neglect.
16
Q
What does the Care Act 2014 do?
A
Provides legal framework for how local authorities should protect adults in danger from abuse, harm and neglect. The act makes it clear that local authorities must put the individual’s wellbeing first in everything they do.
17
Q
Role of local authorities in Care Act 2014
A
- Establish safeguarding adult boards (SABs); these include the NHS, the local authority and the police, who will work together to develop and implement joint safeguarding strategies
- Implement (and lead) a multi-agency local adult safeguarding system that prevents abuse, harm and neglect (and if it does occur will be able to stop it)
- Investigate when they suspect a vulnerable adult may be at risk of abuse, harm or neglect
- Carry out a safeguarding adults reviews (SAR) when someone with care and support needs dies as a result of neglect, harm or abuse and there is a concern that more could have been done to protect them.
- Arrange for an independent advocate to represent and support an individual who is the subject of a safeguarding inquiry or review
18
Q
Role of Health and Social Care Act 2012
A
Improving the quality of care by bringing personalisation to the NHS, Empowers patients to make choices by enabling them to be able to choose services best to their needs, from all service sectors.
19
Q
How was the Health and Social Care act 2012 updated?
A
updated act builds on all the collaborative working between agencies during the covid-19 pandemic. Following 2021 White Paper ‘integration and innovation: Working Together to Improve Health and Social Care for All’
20
Q
Define ‘Healthwatch’
A
National consumer champion in health and care. It has significant statutory powers to ensure the voice of the consumer is strengthened and heard by those who commission, deliver and regulate health and care services
21
Q
Define ‘Monitor’
A
The sector regulator for health services in England. Monitor’s job is to make the health sector work better for patients by continually improving the service and getting good value for money.
22
Q
define ‘NHS improvement’
A
Works with the NHS to help improve care for patients and provides leadership and support for the NHS
23
Q
Roles of the Health and Social Care Act 2022
A
- Establishes integrated care systems (ICSs), integrated care boards (ICBs) and integrated care partnerships (ICPs)
- Promotes collaborative and partnership working to integrate services, including social care, to improve patient care and safeguard individuals.
24
Q
what are Integrated care systems (ICSs)?
A
partnerships of organisations that work together to plan and deliver joined-up health and care services, which aim to improve the lives of individuals who live in their area. This includes Integrated care boards (ICBs) and integrated care partnerships (ICPs)
25
What is an integrated care board (ICB)
a statutory NHS organisation responsible for developing a plan for meeting the health needs of the local population, managing the NHS budget and arranging for the provision of health services in the ICS area. This resulting in commissioning groups (CCGs) being disbanded
26
What is an integrated care partnership (ICP)?
a statutory committee formed between the ICB and all the local authorities that fall within the ICS area. Responsible for producing an integrated care strategy on how to meet the health and wellbeing needs of the population within the ICS area. e.g. NHS, public health, social care and housing.
27
How does promoting collaborative and partnership working in integrated services improve patient care and safeguard individuals?
remove inequalities found across the geographic area, quality, reliability and efficiency so that individuals needs are met easily. By collaborating and partnerships, resources will be better used and more individuals will be successfully treated in a more financially viable manner. As a result, they should stay well for longer and remain independent.
28
Role of Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006
Establishes Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) checks. Provides legislative framework for the Disclosure and Barring Scheme (DBS) to help safeguard adults and children from harm and abuse by preventing unsuitable people from working with vulnerable adults and children
29
what a disclosure and barring service (DBS) involves
1. Processing request for criminal record checks by searching police records and barred list information
2. Deciding whether it is appropriate for a person to be placed on or removed from a barred list
3. Placing people on the DBS children's barred list and Adults' barred list for England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
30
Role of Mental Health Act 2007
Sets out when someone can be detained and treated for a mental health condition by providing clear definitions of different mental health conditions. Gives right to detain an individual for their own safety or the safety of others.
31
Role of Equality Act 2010
Provides legal protection for individuals from discrimination within society. Protects those receiving care, and the workers that provide care, from being treated unfairly because of any characteristics that are protected under the legislation
Equalities legislation replaced anti-discrimination legislation which was the fundamental to the ethical basis of care provision and critical to the protection of an individuals dignity.
32
protected characteristics under Equality Act 2010
1. Age
2. Disability
3. Gender reassignment
4. Marriage and civil partnership
5. Pregnancy and maternity
6. Race (including ethnic or national origin, colour or nationality)
7. Religion of belief (which in turn includes lack of belief)
8. sex
9. Sexual orientation
33
Role of Human Rights act 1998
Sets out the fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals are entitled to. Requires that health and social care workers, alongside other provides of public services respect the dignity of all individuals using services.
Autonomy, privacy and dignity are at the core of this legislation. Applies that all individuals are equal
34
Role of Domestic Abuse Act 2021
Provides a framework designed to support organisations to identify and respond to domestic abuse and promote best practice. Act requires local authorities to set up a Domestic Abuse Local Partnership Board consisting of different organisations and services.
35
Role of NICE guidance and quality standards
Defines guidance and quality standards in relation to safeguarding adults, children and young people with different conditions in a variety of settings. E.g. schools, care homes and support services across health and social care.
36
quality standards are expected to contribute to improving these outcomes:
1. harm from domestic violence and abuse
2. mortality from domestic violence and abuse
3. emergency attendances for domestic violence and abuse
4. quality of life
5. personal safety
6. duration of domestic violence and abuse
7. re-occurrence of domestic violence and abuse
37
What is the NHS England guide?
Defines guidance in relation to safeguarding requirements to comply with legislation and regulations within health and social care services and settings.
38
What does the NHS England Guide cover?
1. The Care Act in relation to safeguarding
2. Healthcare staffs' responsibilities
3. the role of the member of staff raising the abuse alarm
4. information sharing
5. the mental capacity acts 2005
6. assessing capacity chart
7. domestic violence and abuse
8. female genital mutilation (FGM)
9. human trafficking
10. modern slavery
39
groups more vulnerable to abuse
1. women
2. people from minority ethnic groups
3. children
4. young people
5. elderly people
6. pregnant woman and those with young children
7. people with mental and/or physical disabilities
8. people who speak english as an additional language
9. people affected by substance misuse
10. LGBTQ+ individuals
11. people with poor literacy skills.
40
Physical abuse
1. female genital mutilation (FGM). Reasons for this may be expectations in an indivudual's cultural, social or religious community. May be seen as beneficial for a female hygiene or making a woman marriageable ages <15
2. Hitting
3. Burns
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Modern Day Slavery
1. criminal exploitation such as drug trafficking, pick pocketing, shop-lifting or benefit fraud.
2. Domestic servitude such as no pay, restricted freedom, long hours, forced to work in private houses.
3. Forced labour such as no pay, poor conditions, verbal and physical threats, long hours
4. Sexual exploitation such as child abuse or prostitution
5. other forms such as organ removal, illegal adoption, forced begging, forced marriage
42
emotional abuse
1. belittleling
2. bullying
3. verbal abuse
4. gaslighting
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coercion/control abuse
1. assaults
2. threats and intimidation
3. humiliation
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organisational/institutional abuse
1. regimented mealtimes
2. removing personal choices
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financial abuse
1. withholding/taking of money
46
neglectful abuse
1. self-neglect
2. neglect of others: withholding needs, not supporting hygiene, not seeking medical assistance when in need, withholding appropriate medication
47
domestic abuse
This is abuse that takes place in the home by a family member. 75% reported were female in 2021
48
professional abuse
abuse by someone in a position of power over the victim or a position of trust
49
honour-based abuse
used in families to control behaviour in order to protect reputation.
50
violence
includes verbal abuse, threats as well as physical attacks
51
cruelty
inflicting mental or physical suffering on an individual who is weaker than themselves
52
forced marriage
pressure put on people to marry against their will may be
1. physical: threats, physical / sexual violence
2. Emotional and psychological: manipulating with shame
3. financial abuse such as taking their wages
53
child exploitation
sexual exploitation is abuse by people who have power over young people and use it to sexually abuse them. Could be awarded in exchange for sexual activities. grooming is the term used to refer to when individuals are tricked into believing they are in a loving and consensual relationship
criminal exploitation is when children or young people are taken advantage of by criminals (often gangs) and are coerced into committing crimes such as distributing/selling drugs, carrying weapons or stealing and committing burglaries. Children involved tend to not feel like they are being exploited, as they are often made to feel important and valued members in the gang.
54
signs of abuse
physical
1. bruising
2. unexplained injuries/bleeding
emotional
1. depression
2. low self-esteem
organisational
1. restricted visiting times
2. patient complaints
financial
1. lack of money and/or belongings
2. debt
sexual
1. unwanted pregnancy
2. STDs
3. sexual promiscuity
4. hypersexuality
neglect
1. unkempt appearance
2. malnutrition
55
what actions to take if abuse is suspected or disclosed
1. communicate with the individual.
- respect confidentiality balanced with assessing risk.
- Ensure a record of any disclosure is recorded word for word.
2. Report.
- have knowledge of the reporting procedure and report line.
- report the instance but don't intervening unless immediate or imminent threat to safety.
- understand the next point of escalation if suspected abuse is not investigated
3. Ability to challenge authority
- unfortunately safeguarding is not always taken seriously. fight for whats right
4. Preserve evidence
- documentation of facts
-observation charts
-clinical photography
56
actions that can be taken by individuals and organisations to reduce the chances of abuse
1. raising awareness and educating
2. staff training
3. whistleblowing procedure
4. effective complaints procedure
5. risk management procedure
6. risk assessment for each individual case
7. working with person-centred values
8. multi-agency working
9. implementing holistic approaches
10. accessing and promotion of advocacy
57
Public Interest Disclosure Act protects individuals making disclosures about the following offences:
1. the breach of a legal obligation
2. miscarriage(s) of justice
3. a danger to the health or safety of a person
4. a criminal offence
5. damage to the environment
6. deliberately covering up information of any of the above
58
risk management balances the care needs of the service user against the risk, especially with
1. collaboration with the service user, asking them for their opinions on what will and will not work for them
2. opinions of others involved in their care
3. importance of recognising and building on the service user's strengths
4. the organisation's role in risk management
5. weighing up the potential costs and benefits of choosing one action over another
6. developing plans and actions that support the positive potentials and priorities stated by the service user, and minimising the risks to the service user or others
7. being willing to take a decision that involves an element of risk because the potential positive benefits outweigh the risk.
59
key concepts of a person-centred approach are
1. knowing the person as an individual
2. empowerment and power
3. respecting the individual's values and preferences
4. choice and autonomy
5. respect and dignity
6. empathy and compassion
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in safeguarding, a multi-agency approach can help to
1. ensure all concerns are identified early and reported
2. ensure professionals and agencies that may have different insights and experiences of individuals and their families come together and appropriately share the information they have
3. provide a better insight into the needs and views of children, young people and adults
4. ensure professionals and agencies work in a consistent way that focus on building trust, respect and providing support to children, young people and adults
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what is patient safety
the avoidance of accidental or unintended injury or harm during a period of receiving healthcare
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what is clinical effectiveness
the application of healthcare, taking into consideration the individual's wishes, healthcare professional's experience and evidence-based research in the approach
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define 'clinical'
the observation and treatment of patients
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Why is patient safety and clinical effectiveness important?
raises the standard of care, improving the patient's experience and quality and avoids negative outcomes for the provision of care.
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What does radicalisation mean?
the action or process of someone to adopt or support terrorism, or radical extremist beliefs connected with terrorism or terrorist groups.
66
Factors that contribute to radicalisation
1. peer pressure related to terrorism
2. sudden religious fervour
3. disagreement with family/friends over extremist views
4. under-performing
5. experience of poverty or social disadvantage
6. researching radicalist news, views, etc. online
7. disturbing world events
8. personal crisis
9. feeling rejected by family/friends
10. victim of hate crime
11. looking to blame others
12. identity confusion
13. change in behaviour
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signs of radicalisation
1. detachment from family and friends
2. raised levels of anger
3. failure or avoidance in discussing your own views
4. increased interest in privacy or secretive behaviours
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the purpose of the Prevent strategy
To work with communities to support vulnerable people at risk of becoming radicalised.
69
define 'compulsory'
required by law or by other regulations
70
importance of positive behaviour
1. key to safeguarding individuals
2. failure to comply with behavioural standards could result in noncompliance and deregistration
3. improves quality service provision for positive outcomes
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when building trust and relationships with individuals, workers can minimise the risk of abuse by:
1. enabling individuals to confide in them when abuse is happening to them and/or others
2. building mutual respect so that the individual feels in control of their life
3. encouraging open discussion and therefore diminishing the risk of abusive relationships
72
target of nine statutory health and care regulators are to
1. protect the public
2. uphold professional standards
3. maintain public confidence in the healthcare professions.
73
The nine statutory health and care regulators achieve their targets by:
1. setting standards of competence and conduct for healthcare professionals
2. checking training and education courses are suitable
3. keep a register of professionals
4. follow up complaints about registered professionals
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'struck off' means?
a healthcare professional is removed from the register (also known as deregistration) either because of their competence or behaviour. This means they are prevented from working as a registered healthcare professional.
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positive behaviour expected of a healthcare professional
1. promotion of choice, dignity, inclusion, independence, individuality, identity, privacy and confidentiality of information
2. effective practised clinical competence (e.g. effective communication)
3. maintain safety (e.g. observe and report on an individual's condition and escalate any issues where necessary)
4. Encourage professionalism and trust
76
define 'multidisciplinary team'
a team of professionals from different specialisms who work together for the good of the patient.
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promotion of choice expected in positive behaviour
a characteristic of person-centred care and is empowering for an individual. all individuals are entitled to make their own choices, although they may need support to help make an informed choice.
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dignity expected in positive behaviour
if an individual is treated with dignity, it makes them feel valued and respected. health and social care professionals should show consideration for an individual's feelings and wishes.
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inclusion expected in positive behaviour
individuals should be included in all aspects of life and there should be no barriers that would exclude them from taking part in society
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independence expected in positive behaviour
an individual should not have to rely on others but should have as much control over their lives as possible. They should have the freedom, as well as the opportunity, to make their own decisions
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individuality and identity expected in positive behaviour
everyone has their own identity, feelings, beliefs, needs, wishes and values. these should always be respected when planning and providing support or healthcare
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why is privacy expected in positive behaviour
when someone is receiving personal care, such as help with dressing or showering, they are entitled to privacy. It is good practice for a nurse or care worker to knock before entering an individual's room
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confidentiality of information expected in positive behaviour
this is an important right for everyone. all personal information and medical records must be kept in a secure place. only professionals who are treating an individual should have access to their records. any discussions or meetings between the professionals about the individual must take place where the conversation cannot be overheard.
84
7 principles that guide the NHS
1. NHS accountable to public, communities and patients
2. Access to NHS based on clinical need, not the ability to pay
3. NHS aspires to highest standards of excellence and professionalism
4. NHS places patient at heart of everything
5. NHS works across organisational boundaries
6. NHS will give best value for money
7. NHS will be a comprehensive service, available to all
85
The types of support for managing positive behaviour
1. behavioural frameworks (e.g guidance on expected employee behaviour in a trust or workplace)
2. Workplace policies (e.g. whistleblowing)
3. Performance management (e.g. performance improvement plans to support employees to succeed)
86
Reasons to whistleblow in the NHS
1. untrained staff
2. maladministration of medications
3. lack of policies
4. unsafe patient care
5. unsafe working conditions
6. not safeguarding patients
7. malpractice that may harm patients
8. poor clinical practice
9. bullying culture
10. staff stressed and not seeking help
87
possible concerns of employees managers should lookout for:
1. inadequate training
2. the health and wellbeing of the worker
3. a lack of supervision or support
4. broken or damaged equipment, missing materials
5. poor systems, policies and procedure
88
possible options to help support employees:
1. a coach/mentor
2. reviewing systems, policies and procedures
3. arranging repairs for faulty/broken equipment, ordering missing materials
4. clarifying the job role
5. reviewing their workload
6. supervision and support
7. additional training
8. an occupational health referral
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what is expected when working together for patients
to put the patients first. Patients, their families, carers must be fully involved in the care offered.
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what is expected with respect and dignity
every person is an individual and should be valued and needs met
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what is expected with commitment to quality
patients must have quality of care; their treatment should be effective and safe and feedback heard
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what is expected with compassion
anxiety, pain, and distress must be met with kindness, care and compassion. staff must provide comfort and support to help relieve any patient from suffering
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what is expected when improving lives
people's health and wellbeing can be improved by clinical excellence, professionalism, innovative practice and service improvements
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process of meeting concerns with healthcare worker
1. informal performance improvement. concerns are identified and discussed with manager and targets and improvements are agreed on and set. regular meetings to discuss progress.
2. If the targets are not met, a formally discuss progress and consider reasons for unsatisfactory progress and examine support given. agree on new targets
3. if targets are still not met a formal follow same process as stage 2
4. still not met, the employee could be terminated at a formal hearing chaired by senior manager
96
what is meant by a conflict of interest?
a situation where a person of trust, or an organisation's own interests, are in direct conflict with the interest of the patient.
97
how to deal with conflicts of interest
1. be open and honest, acting with integrity
2. follow workplace guidelines
3. declare any personal conflicts (e.g. that you have a personal relationship with that individual)
4.
