A2 - Globalisation Case Studies Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
China’s Belt Road Initiative
A
- launched in 2013, $1 trillion in infrastructure
- connects china to 60% of world’s population +30% of global GDP
- resource endowment - china is the largest exporter $3.6 trillion in 2023
2
Q
How many people signed BRI
A
more than 140 countries
3
Q
Key BRI projects
A
Nairobi Railway, Kenya, China-Pakistan corridor, Djibouti port
4
Q
Sri Lanka debt to china
A
$33bn and owes $3.4bn to china
- interest rate for china is 3-6% whereaa IMF 1-2%
- inflation rate 73.3%
- President Gtotobaya Rajapaska fled
5
Q
When did Sri Lanka default on their debt
A
April 2022
6
Q
What was the project in Sri Lanka
A
Hambantota port - cost$1.3bn - 85% funded by China - China has a 99yr lease on the port till 2116
- key shipping route + naval presence in indian ocean
7
Q
Aid in Ethiopia
A
- 6% GDP growth
- $4bn/yr in aid
-65%poverty rate (1990) to 40% in 2023 - $$28bn external debt
- limited FDI due to instability + corruption
- soil degradation dur to aid-driven reliance
- 50% of national bugest comes from aid
8
Q
Trade in Vietnam
A
- 7% GDP growth
- $66bn in 1990 to $409bn in 2023
- poverty rate 58% in 1990 to 4.8% in 2023
- $372bn export revenue in rice textiles and electronics
- low-debt-to-GDP via FDI
- trade led development
9
Q
Examples of trade led development in Vietnam
A
Thi Vai Port, Vung Tau Port, North-South express way, Ho Chi Minh City + Hanoi
10
Q
London Gateway
A
- opened in 2013
- connects to 110 ports in 60 different countries
- 3 day process - 60 robotic cranes
- can deliver to 90% of UK pop in 4 hrs
- loss of 100km2 of mudflats
11
Q
London gateway post brexit
A
- loss of FDI
- opportunity in non-EU markets
- free port status giving a competitive advantage of EU ports
12
Q
International debt of Ghana in 1999
A
6.1bn - 90% of export revenue
- 107% in 2000
- debt-to-GDP 84% in 2023
- debt dependency
13
Q
International aid in Ghana
A
- 3.5bn debt relief from HIEC - 2002
- bilateral aid - UK - £400M 2000-2015
- World Bank $150m education project 2004
- literacy rate increased by 22% from 1995 to 2023
- relief aid after natural disasters- IMF
- IMR 111/1000 (1999) to 48/1000 (2023)
14
Q
Fair trade - dominican republic
A
- 450,000 metric tons of bananas - 2023 - 3% globally
- 60% bananas under fairtrade certificate
- $500m revenue
- 30,000 small scale farms on $15-20/day
- $1.80/kg - fair trade premium
- 60% of profits to farmers/workers
15
Q
Free trade - equador
A
- 6.5 million metric tons - 2023 - 33% globally
- top banana exporter
- 80% goes to owners
- $3.5bn in revenue
- monoculture
- $1.10/kg due to economies of scale
- 2.5 million jobs
- $6-8/day
- fluctuating price
16
Q
WTO success
A
maintains peace, trade liberalisation and consumer price and quality
- 166 members
- 98% of all trade
- solved US-EU banana war
17
Q
WTO failure
A
- benefit rich not poor
- trump ignores with no repercussions
- as members increase it is harder to reach decision
- trade wars increased
- labour exploitation
18
Q
APEC
A
- 21 members
- 45% of world trade
- bilateral free trade agreement with china
19
Q
USMCA
A
- formerly NAFTA
- trump said it was the worst trade deal ever
20
Q
EU
A
- most powerful trading bloc
- GDP as large as the US
- links with ACP countries
21
Q
G20
A
21 members
- major exporters like brazil, china, india and south africa
- challenge US + EU trade negotiations
22
Q
Historical factors
A
commonwealth, DRC with Belgium, neo-colonism (TNCs)
23
Q
Resource endowment
A
14 OPEC - 90% of all crude oil
24
Q
Strategic investment
A
suez canal - 1869
panama canal 1914 - $1.27 trillion annually
BRI initiative
25
Location proximity
canada to america
tourist industry in france
rotterdam, netherlands
26
Comparative advantage
specilising
german - cars
japan - high tech
belgium - chocolates
27
Maya Beach, Thailand
-5000 visitors a day after movie
- gov closed beach in 2018 + reopened in 2022
- no swimming in sea
- economically suffered
50% coral reefs destroyed
- 200 boats anchored/day
28
Venice, Italy
$$3.3bn annually
70% resisdence rely on toursim
decrease in population from 175,000 in 1950 to 50,000 in 2020
20 million toursits annually
5 euro entry fee
cruise ship ban at St Mark's
decrease in Airbnb rentals by 500%
29
Barcelona, spain
protests in 2023/24
increase in rental prices by 40% since 2015
social rtension around toursimas82% think toursim negatively affects their quality of life
$12bn annually
increase in tourist tax
limit on cruise ships
15.6 million visitors in 2023
30
Costa Ricca - ecotoursim
6.3% of GDP is ecotourism
25% of land protected by national park
carbonneutrality by 20250
2.6 million tourists - 250/day
Mansungi georeserve created in 2015
education sites in Narra, Ipil, Laian
31
Mansungi georeserve
3,000 hectaires protected
spider-web viewing deck
silayan pavillion
pangolin most trafficked globally 1 every 3 mins
32
Boscome, Butler Model
- 1871 pop = 300
-shelly family literature
sir henry drummond - 1875 boscombe spa
- 1901 pop = 10,000
1903 pier completed
numbers peaked mid 20th century
top 2% most deprived areas in UK
£9.5 million reinvested
peir of the year un 2010
170 seafront appartmement
33
when were package holidays created
1970s-1980s
34
Machu Picchu, Peru
400,000 in 2000 to 1.5 million in 2019
4000 per day
ticket cap of 500/day + 2,244 bypass via unofficial routes
over dependence on tourism
mirrors mass tourism probelms
cultural comodification
building of airport
35
Galapagos Islands, ecuador
strict tourst rules; visitor quotas, liscenced guides and controlled routes
40,000 in 1990 to 275,000 in 2020
park fees = $100/person#invasive species, rise of cruise ships and waste management issues
36
Where is Chumbe Island located and what is it known for?
Chumbe Island is off the coast of Zanzibar, Tanzania. It is known for its pristine coral reef sanctuary and eco-lodge, operating as a private marine protected area (MPA
37
What makes Chumbe’s marine ecosystem unique?
Chumbe has one of the most diverse and well-preserved coral reefs in the region, with over 500 species of fish and 90% coral cover in some areas.
38
What major conservation success has Chumbe Island achieved?
Established in 1994, CHICOP created Tanzania’s first marine park managed by a private NGO. Fishing and anchoring are banned in the sanctuary.
39
How does the Chumbe eco-lodge minimize its environmental impact?
It uses solar power, rainwater harvesting, composting toilets, and greywater filtration. Buildings are made from local, renewable materials.
40
How does Chumbe promote environmental education?
CHICOP runs free environmental education programs for local schoolchildren, teachers, and government officials.
41
How is the park financially sustained?
All operations, including conservation and education, are fully funded by eco-tourism revenue, without external donor dependency.
42
How does Chumbe involve the local community?
Chumbe employs locals, trains them as eco-guides, and sources supplies locally to support Zanzibar's economy.
43
What global recognition has Chumbe Island received?
Chumbe has won multiple awards like the UNEP Global 500, WTTC Tourism for Tomorrow, and is UNESCO recognized for sustainable tourism.
44
What is the visitor capacity of Chumbe Island?
To maintain sustainability, the island only accommodates 14 guests at a time in 7 eco-bungalows.
45
How is ecological monitoring conducted at Chumbe?
Regular reef health monitoring, water quality tests, and biodiversity surveys are conducted in partnership with scientists.
