A2 - Paper 4 - Environmental Management Flashcards
(29 cards)
What are renewable energy resources?
Energy sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass.
What are non-renewable energy resources?
Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, and nuclear energy, which cannot be replenished on a human timescale.
What national factors affect energy demand and supply?
Sustainability, levels of development, resource endowment, climate, income, technology, pollution, energy policy, and energy security.
How does level of development influence energy demand?
HICs have higher per capita energy use due to industrialization and consumer lifestyles; LICs have lower demand but growing consumption.
What is resource endowment and how does it affect energy supply?
The natural availability of energy resources (e.g. coal reserves, sun exposure) which determines a country’s energy mix.
How does climate affect energy demand?
Cold climates increase demand for heating; hot climates increase demand for cooling.
How does income affect energy consumption?
Higher incomes enable more energy-intensive lifestyles and technologies.
How does technology affect energy use and supply?
Improved technology can increase energy efficiency and enable renewable energy use.
What is energy security?
The reliable and affordable access to sufficient energy for national needs.
What is the trend in fossil fuel consumption globally?
Generally decreasing in HICs, stable or increasing in MICs and LICs.
What is the trend in renewable energy use?
Increasing across all income levels, especially wind, solar, and biofuels.
What are environmental impacts of energy production and use?
Air and water pollution, habitat destruction, carbon emissions, and climate change.
What are the local impacts of energy transport?
Pipeline leaks, visual pollution, noise, and land use change.
What is required in a national case study of energy strategy?
Analysis of electricity demand and supply, changes in power production, location of energy sources, and evaluation of the strategy’s success.
What are common issues with national electricity strategies?
Rising demand, aging infrastructure, dependence on imports, and environmental concerns.
What is required in a case study of a named located energy scheme?
Details of the power station or renewable project, location factors, demand and supply issues, and evaluation of its success.
How do countries manage changes in energy demand?
By investing in infrastructure, diversifying energy mix, promoting energy efficiency, and adopting smart grid technology.
What are the types of pollution?
Land, air, and water pollution.
What are the causes of land pollution?
Improper waste disposal, industrial activity, and agricultural chemicals.
What are the causes of air pollution?
Vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and burning of fossil fuels.
What are the causes of water pollution?
Industrial waste, sewage, agricultural runoff, and oil spills.
What are solutions to pollution?
Stricter regulations, pollution control technologies, public awareness, and sustainable practices.
What factors affect water demand and supply?
Population growth, agriculture, climate change, and industrial use.
What issues affect water quality?
Contamination by pollutants, poor sanitation, and overuse of water sources.
