Abdomen Flashcards
(141 cards)
558 – From a functional perspective, the liver is divided into eight segments. Which of the following responses is MOST correct?
A. The falciform ligament represents the division into right and left sides of the liver.
B. The division between the right and left sides of the liver is through the gallbladder bed.
C. There are six segments on the right side and two on the left side.
D. The quadrate lobe is identical with segment 1.
E. The right side of the liver is fed by the portal vein and the left side by the hepatic artery.
B
The morphological lobes of the liver do not correspond to the right and left sides of the liver. The falciform ligament was previously used to separate right and left lobes, but it is the portal trinity which divides the liver into right and left sides. B Correct. The division between right and left sides of the liver, supplied respectively by the right and left halves of the portal trinity (hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct) runs through the gall bladder bed inferiorly. The right side of the liver consists of four segments (segments 5 and 8 anteriorly, 6 and 7 posteriorly). The left side contains three segments (segments 3 and 4 anteriorly, and 2 posteriorly).
Segment 1 (caudate lobe) receives branches from both sides.
20697 – S. The anatomical right lobe of the liver is much larger than the
left BECAUSE R. the right hepatic artery supplies the caudate and quadrate lobes
S is true and R is false
Last (6) PAGE: 299
22189 – The quadrate lobe of the liver
1: forms the anterior wall of the upper recess of the lesser sac
2: is bounded by the fissure for the ligamentum venosum
3: is bounded by the fissure for the ligamentum teres
4: is in close contact with the right kidney
FFTF
Last (8) PAGE: 344
Quadrate lobe bounded by
- Anterior - anterior margin of liver
- Behind - porta hepatis
- Right - fossa for gallbladder
- Left - fossa for umbilical vein
Caudate lobe bounded by
- Below - porta hepatis
- Right - fossa for IVC
- Left - fossa for ductus venosis and ligamentum venosum
23644 – The falciform ligament of the liver
1: has the ligamentum teres in its free border
2: passes from the anterior abdominal wall to the liver
3: prevents ptosis of the liver
4: ascends from the umbilicus to the left of the median plane
TTFF
3 - the vasculature holds up the liver?
4 - goes from posterior surface of the right rectus abdominis muscle by the right margin of the umbilicus to left lobe of liver
721 – The liver
1: is partly supplied by the phrenic nerves.
2: has a fissure for the ligamentum teres which extends to the porta hepatis.
3: is separated from the subdiaphragmatic part of the inferior vena cava by the peritoneum.
4: develops from a foregut diverticulum in the septum transversum.
FTFT
The liver develops from a foregut diverticulum within the septum transversum (26.4 true). The ventral mesentery of the septum transversum persists as the lesser omentum running from stomach to liver, splitting to enclose the liver, and continuing as the falciform ligament to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. Bilateral reduplications of the peritoneum are drawn out into the small left triangular ligament and the much larger coronary ligament and right triangular ligament. The two enclose a large area of the liver posteriorly bare of peritoneum, where the liver sits flush against the diaphragm with the inferior vena cava embedded in its posterior surface. This bare area of the liver is in direct contact with the inferior vena cava (25C true, 26.3 false), right suprarenal gland and posterior cupola of diaphragm. The lower free margin of the ventral mesentery contains the ligamentum teres. This runs back from umbilicus to a fissure in the lower surface of the liver which extends to the porta hepatis (26.2 true). The phrenic nerves are motor to the right and left halves of the diaphragm (26.1 false). The liver receives an autonomic supply of sympathetic and vagal fibres. The sympathetic supply enters via the
coeliac ganglion into the portal hepatis; one or more hepatic vagal branches run within the upper part of the lesser omentum from the left vagus.
13494 – The liver
1: is not separated by peritoneum from the oesophagus
2: is separated from the subdiaphragmatic part of the inferior vena cava by peritoneum
3: has a fissure for the ligamentum teres which extends to the right end of the porta hepatis
4: has a bare area separated by renal fascia from the right adrenal gland
FFFT
The peritoneal attachments of the liver form the subphrenic spaces. The liver is entirely separated by peritoneum from the oesophagus (A false). The ventral mesentery by which the liver is suspended from the diaphragm forms the left and right triangular ligaments with a bare area bordered by their attachment to the liver. The subdiaphragmatic part of the inferior vena cava occupies the bare area below the central tendon. The vena cava is thus an immediate posterior relation of the liver, contained in a groove on its posterior surface (B false). The ligamentum teres is a rounded fibrous cord in the free lower edge of the falciform ligament. It is the remnant of the obliterated left umbilical vein of the foetus and it runs in the free edge of the falciform ligament from the umbilicus to the anterior surface of the liver. It lies in a deep groove, the fissure for the ligamentum teres, on the under surface of the liver as far as the left end of the porta hepatis (C false). The lower reflection of the right triangular ligament runs horizontally across the diaphragm near the level of the upper pole of the right kidney; the right adrenal gland lies in the bare area along with the inferior vena cava. The renal fascia surrounds the kidney and sends an extension over the right adrenal (D true).
715, 19288 – The bare area of the liver is in direct contact with parts of
A. the head of the pancreas
B. the right sympathetic chain
C. the inferior vena cava
D. the left supra renal gland
E. the pelvis of the right ureter
C
Last (6) PAGE: 298. The bare area of the liver is in direct contact with the inferior vena cava which is embedded in its posterior surface.
732 – Concerning the blood supply of the liver
1: the hepatic artery inflow and hepatic venous drainage do not communicate across left and right halves of the liver.
2: the portal vein has a Y-shaped division into left and right portal vein branches in the porta hepatis.
3: the hepatic ducts in the porta hepatis lie in front of the branches of the hepatic artery & portal vein.
4: the quadrate and caudate lobes receive their major blood supply from the right hepatic artery and right portal vein.
TFTF
The right and left hepatic arteries do not communicate. Each of the individual right and left arterial branches is functionally an end artery, as are their segmental branches which run together with the accompanying portal vein branches and hepatic duct tributaries in the ensheathing ‘portal canals’ of histological sections. Arterial and portal venous blood mix in the sinusoids and drain to hepatic vein tributaries in the centre of each ‘lobule’, which unite to form the hepatic veins. The hepatic venous drainage, as distinct from the unmixed vascular inflow, allows mixing of the drainage coming from right and left liver halves (1 false)
The left and right hepatic veins have a very short extrahepatic course; and drain segments 2 & 3, and 5 & 8 respectively. A long middle hepatic vein marks the junction between left and right liver halves posteriorly; and receives part of the drainage of both right (segments 6 & 7) and left (segment 4) halves of the liver. The middle hepatic vein runs vertically and drains into the vena cava or may join the left hepatic vein. A number of accessory hepatic veins below the main veins drain separately into the vena cava along its length, including one from the caudate lobe. Ligation of the main hepatic artery may be possible without liver infarction because of the double vascular inflow; and has been used to inhibit growth of hepatic metastases. The operation is now less commonly performed; chemotherapy delivered via percutaneous hepatic arterial infusion is less hazardous and less invasive. Portal venous diversion by portacaval or reversed (Warren) lienorenal shunting can reduce bleeding risks from varices in portal hypertension. The division of the hepatic artery into right and left hepatic artery branches in the porta hepatis is Y-shaped, and differs from the portal vein bifurcation, which is at a higher level via a T-junction into right and left portal veins (2 false). The hepatic ducts in the porta hepatis accompany the corresponding arteries. They lie anteriorly to the arterial and venous branches, rendering the ducts more easily accessible to surgical exploration (3 true).
KEY ISSUE
Although quadrate and caudate lobes are described by older nomenclature as part of the right liverlobe (ie the portion lying to the right of the falciform ligament), it is essential surgically to appreciate that functionally the caudate lobe (segment 1) and most of the quadrate lobe (segment 4) belong to the left half of the liver they receive blood supply from the left hepatic arterial and left portal vein branches and drain bile to the left hepatic duct (4 false).
20475 – S. Needle biopsy of the liver should be performed through the right eighth or ninth intercostal space in the mid axillary line BECAUSE R. this level is below the level of the lung
S is true, R is true and a valid explanation of S
Last 9th ed. Page: 347
22919 – The common hepatic artery usually
1: gives off the gastro-duodenal artery
2: is entirely retroperitoneal
3: gives off the cystic artery
4: divides into right and left branches in the porta hepatis
TTFF
Last (8) PAGE: 326
726 – The right hepatic artery may arise anomalously from the
A. superior mesenteric artery.
B. left gastric artery.
C. splenic artery.
D. superior pancreatic-duodenal artery.
E. short gastric arteries.
A
The arterial blood supply of the liver is via the hepatic artery. This arises from the coeliac axis, and runs in the lesser omentum to the porta hepatis where it normally divides into right and left branches. The right hepatic artery normally passes behind the common hepatic duct and then has intrahepatic divisions into anterior and posterior segmental branches the right hepatic artery suppling liver segments 5 & 8 anteriorly and 6 & 7 posteriorly.
Variations in the common hepatic artery and in its left and right hepatic branches are common and important; particularly in liver transplantation and in resectional liver and biliary surgery. The commonest and most important abnormality is that either the common hepatic artery or its right and
left hepatic branches may arise from the superior mesenteric artery rather than from the coeliac trunk (A true).
18886 – The right hepatic artery may arise from
A. the superior mesenteric artery
B. the left gastric artery
C. the splenic artery
D. the superior pancreatic-duodenal artery
E. the short gastric arteries
A
Last (8) PAGE: 346
13499 – The portal vein
1: runs upwards behind the epiploic foramen (aditus to the lesser sac)
2: is usually formed by the union of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins
3: has no tributaries other than the veins forming it
4: lies posterior to the (common) hepatic artery
FTFT
The portal vein is usually formed by the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins (B true), and runs upward in the free edge of the lesser omentum anterior to the epiploic foramen (A false). It has a number of important tributaries (C false). In the free margin of the lesser omentum it is posterior to the hepatic artery and the bile duct (D true).
801, 19893 – The portal vein
A. commences at the level of the third lumbar vertebra
B. is formed by the union of the splenic and inferior mesenteric veins
C. lies anterior to the bile duct
D. has a valve at its commencement
E. receives the left gastric vein
E
Last (6) PAGE: 302
A - 1st lumbar vertebra
E - It receives its major tributaries from pancreaticoduodenal veins, right and left gastric veins including oesophageal venous drainage, cystic veins, periumbilical veins and the remains of the embryonic umbilical veins (39E true and A, B, C, and D false).
807, 14163 – The portal vein
1: runs upwards between the layers of the lesser omentum
2: is usually formed by the union of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins
3: has gastric and oesophageal tributaries
4: lies posterior to the (common) hepatic artery
TTTT
Refer to Last, 10th Ed, page 260.
The portal vein is formed by the junction of splenic and superior mesenteric veins (40.2 true) at the level of the first lumbar vertebra behind the neck of the pancreas.
The portal vein and its tributaries are valveless, and measurements of the portal venous pressure can therefore be made readily from any of the tributaries of the vein or from the soft tissue pulp of the spleen. The portal vein in its first part runs vertically upwards behind pancreas and first part of duodenum and in front of the vena cava. It then loses contact with the vena cava and enters between the two layers of the lesser omentum where it lies behind the bile duct and hepatic artery to run to the porta hepatis (40.1 & 4 true). Here it divides in a T-shape into right and left branches which supply the respective liver halves. It receives its major tributaries from pancreaticoduodenal veins, right and left gastric veins including oesophageal venous drainage (40.3 true), cystic veins, periumbilical veins and the remains of the embryonic umbilical veins.
606 – S:Caput medusae is a feature of portal hypertension because R:the left umbilical vein joins the left branch of the portal vein.
S is true, R is true and a valid explanation of S
The umbilicus is an area of potential communication between the portal and systemic venous circulation.
In the fetus, fetal blood is oxygenated in the placenta, not in the lungs, and returns from the placenta via the left umbilical vein to the portal venous system by running into the left portal vein in the porta hepatis (R true). This oxygenated blood then short circuits the liver by running directly into the systemic circulation to the inferior vena cava via the ductus venosus. The two vessels (left umbilical vein and ductus venosus) run in a cleft in the liver from front to rear along its inferior surface. After birth the left umbilical vein and ductus venosus become fibrous cords - the ligamentum teres and ligamentum venosum - which lie imbedded in their respective fissures.
After birth the umbilicus becomes the watershed between cephalic and caudal direction of venous return from the subcutaneous tissues. Anastomosing networks of veins radiate upwards via the lateral thoracic vein to axillary vein; and downwards to the great saphenous vein and femoral vein. Within the peritoneal cavity, veins within the ligamentum teres continue to drain into the portal system. In portal hypertension shunting of blood occurs from the portal to the systemic venous circulation via the ligamentum teres and umbilicus to the subcutaneous veins. These dilate and run centrifugally from the umbilicus - upwards and downwards to either the axillary or femoral veins, forming a Caput Medusae (S true). These anastomotic channels are an aid to diagnosis of portal hypertension. Both S and R are thus correct and R validly explains S.
Dilated subcutaneous abdominal wall collateral venous channels are also seen following thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. In this instance the venous flow is entirely upwards.
The other main site of collateral venous channels linking portal and systemic circulations in portal hypertension is across the mucosa of stomach and oesophagus as oesophageal submucosal varices.
20361 – S. The liver is supported by the hepatic veins BECAUSE R. the hepatic veins attach the liver firmly to the adjacent inferior vena cava
S is true, R is true and a valid explanation of S
Last (6) PAGE: 345
20997 – S. In the porta hepatis the hepatic ducts are inaccessible BECAUSE R. the hepatic ducts lie behind the hepatic artery and portal vein
Answer: both S and R and false
Last (8) PAGE: 344
743, 24289 – The common bile duct
1: is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts
2: lies in the free edge of the lesser omentum
3: lies behind the neck of the pancreas
4: opens at the ampulla, 10 cm. from the pylorus
FTFT
Last 10th Ed, Ch 5, page 259.
The bile duct is formed by the junction of cystic duct with common hepatic duct (1 false), which in turn is formed by the junction of right and left hepatic ducts. The bile duct is most surgically accessible in its upper third where it lies in the free edge of the lesser omentum supraduodenally to the right of the hepatic artery and in front of the portal vein (2 true). The bile duct in its second third passes behind the duodenum inclining to the right away from the portal vein, which runs more vertically. The lowest third then runs behind the pancreas in a groove between the head of the pancreas and the C of the duodenum, now some distance to the right of the portal vein which lies behind the neck of the pancreas (3 false). The bile duct opens into the duodenum at the ampulla approximately 10cm from the pylorus (4 true).
KEY ISSUE
The most surgically important variations of the biliary ducts are cystic duct anomalies - these range from an absence of cystic duct with the gall bladder opening directly into the common hepatic duct, to a long cystic duct entering the main duct system so low down in the third part of the main channel that there is effectively no (common) bile duct, just a long common hepatic duct and adjacent cystic duct - often united by a fascial ensheathment. The cystic duct may also drain into the right hepatic duct or into an aberrant or accessory right hepatic duct.
23859 – The common bile duct
1: crosses anterior to the right renal vein
2: has a middle part lying between the first part of the duodenum and the inferior vena cava
3: lies in the substance of the neck of the pancreas
4: is formed by the junction of right and left hepatic ducts in the porta hepatis
TTFF
Last (7) PAGE: 303
15218 – The (common) bile duct
A. lies over the inferior vena cava in the middle 1/3 of its course
B. is about 12 cm long in the adult
C. lies to the left of the hepatic artery
D. opens into the duodenum at the vertebral level of L3
E. receives the right and left hepatic ducts
Answer: A
Refer to Last, 10th Ed, Ch 5, page 259
13504 – The (common) bile duct
1: is lined by tall columnar epithelium which is mucus-secreting
2: is related posteriorly, in succession from above downwards, to the portal vein, inferior vena cava and right renal vein
3: lies in a deep groove on the posterior surface of the head of the pancreas
4: lies to the left of the hepatic artery
TTTF
The extrahepatic bile ducts are all lined by tall columnar epithelium which is mucus-secreting (A true). The accessible upper third of the bile duct lies in the free edge of the lesser omentum in front of the portal vein and to the right of the hepatic artery. The middle third lies behind the first part of the duodenum and on the inferior vena cava below the aditus to the lesser sac. The lower third runs to the right behind the head of the pancreas in a deep groove in front of the right renal vein (B and C true). The bile duct lies to the right of the hepatic artery (D false).
19294 – The bile duct
A. is lined by tall columnar, non-mucus secreting epithelium
B. is formed by the right and left hepatic ducts
C. passes anterior to the right renal vein
D. lies to the left of the hepatic artery
E. is about 14 cm in length
C
Last (8) PAGE: 350
E - Lasts 6-8cm not more than 8cm
24279 – With respect to the gall bladder
1: its bed forms one border of the caudate lobe
2: the mucosa in the body of the gall bladder contains mucus-secreting glands
3: it contains considerable smooth muscle in its wall
4: it is lined by simple columnar epithelium
FFFT
Last 8th ed. PAGE: 349.