Neck

Question 1

20967 – S. The investing layer of deep fascia is a relatively insensitive tissue BECAUSE R. the sensory supply of deep fascia is the same as that of the underlying muscle

Answer 1

both S and R and false
Last PAGE: 4

Question 2

19809 – All EXCEPT one of the following statements about the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia are true. It
A. splits to enclose the trapezius muscle
B. splits to include the parotid gland
C. is attached to the hyoid bone
D. is attached to the superior nuchal line
E. splits to enclose the sterno-hyoid muscle

Answer 2

E
Last 9th. ed. PAGE: 421
- most superficial part of deep cervical fascai, encloses the whole neck
- splits around SCM and trapezius.
attached:
- posteriorly: ligamentum nuchae
- Anteriorly - hyoid bone
- superiorly - external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line of occipital, mastoid process and ext aud meatus, lower marchin of zygmatic arch, body of mandible from angle to symphesis menti
- inferiorly - spine and acromial process of scapula, upper surface of clavical , suprasternal norch of manubrium

encloses the submandibular and parotid gland

Question 3

15272 – S: Pus from an abscess in a cervical vertebra tracks down into the posterior mediastinum because R: the prevertebral fascia is attached inferiorly to the body of the sixth thoracic vertebra

Answer 3

Both S and R are false
Refer to Last, 10th Ed, Ch 6, page 323

Question 4

22033 – The prevertebral layer of cervical fascia contributes to
1: the carotid sheath
2: the clavipectoral fascia
3: the suprapleural membrane
4: the axillary sheath

Answer 4

FFFT
Last 9 p423
Prevertebral fascia
- extends medially behind the carotid vessels where it assists in forming their sheath. passes in front of prevertebral muscular
- fixed above to base of skull and below behind the oesophagus into the posterior mediastinal cavity. descends in front of longus coli muscle
- in front of scalene muscle. forms a sheath for brachial nerves, subclavian artery, vein in the posterior triangle of neck. continues under the clavical as axillary sheath and attached to deep surface of coracoclavicular fascia.
it becomes prolonged over the artery below the clavicle as the axillary sheath. It does not invest the subclavian or axillary vein; these lie in loose areolar tissue anterior to it, free to dilate during times of increased venous return from the upper limb. The fascia is pierced by the four cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus (great auric ular, lesser occipital, transverse cervical and supraclavic ular nerves). The purpose of the prevertebral fascia is to provide a fixed basis on which the pharynx, oesophagus and carotid sheaths can glide during neck movements and swallowing, undisturbed by any movements of the prevertebral muscles.

Question 5

23459 – Structures lying deep to the prevertebral fascia include
1: the cervical sympathetic trunk
2: the trunks of the brachial plexus
3: the third part of the subclavian artery
4: the scalenus anterior muscle

Answer 5

FTTT
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 422
In the posterior triangle of the neck it covers the muscles that floor the triangle, and, since it crosses in front of the anterior tubercles of the cervical transverse processes, all the cervical nerve roots (and thus the cervical plexus and trunks of the brachial plexus) lie deep to it. The lymph nodes of the posterior triangle and the accessory nerve lie superficial to it. It has also the third part of the subclavian artery (not the vein) deep to it

Question 6

23844 – The thyroid gland
1: is related medially to the cricopharyngeus muscle
2: has a sheath derived from the pretracheal fascia
3: is related medially to the cricothyroid muscle
4: is covered by the thyrohyoid muscle

Answer 6

TTTF
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 430

Question 7

10472, 19815 – During thyroidectomy
A. anterior jugular veins are seen deep to the investing layer of deep cervical fascia
B. the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia splits to enclose the infrahyoid muscles
C. the pretracheal fascia is divided as it envelops the gland and is firmly bound to the capsule of the gland
D. the internal laryngeal nerve may be damaged during ligation of the superior thyroid pedicle
E. the recurrent laryngeal nerve may be seen disappearing under the inferior border of the cricopharyngeus muscle

Answer 7

E
Last 8th ed. PAGE: 422; 428; 435; 464. The anterior jugular veins are superficial to the deep fascia at the level of the thyroid incision (A incorrect), and pierce the deep fascia at the suprasternal notch. The investing layer of deep fascia splits to enclose the ternomastoid and trapezius muscles (B incorrect). The pretracheal fascia is not firmly bound to the capsule of the thyroid gland (C incorrect). The external laryngeal nerve may be damaged during ligation of the superior thyroid pedicle (D incorrect). The recurrent laryngeal nerve enters the larynx by passing deep to the inferior border of cricopharyngeus anterior to the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage (E correct).

Pretracheal fascia
- extends in front of carotid, envelops thydroid gland, prolonged in front of trachea. contains larynx osesophagus, pharynx, ensheaths the infrahyoid muscles.
fixed to hyoid bone above, below it blends with the fibrous pericardium . fused either side with the prevertebral fascia

Question 8

22894 – Concerning the development of the thyroid gland
1: thyroid cells are all derived from the floor of the pharynx
2: the foramen caecum marks the site of origin of the thyroid downgrowth
3: thyroglossal cysts may be posterior to the body of the hyoid bone
4: the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid is the distal remnant of the thyroglossal duct

Answer 8

FTTT
Last PAGE: 42, 362

Question 9

20607 – S. The inferior parathyroid is derived from a more rostral pharyngeal pouch (i.e. the third pouch) than the superior parathyroid (i.e. the fourth pouch) BECAUSE R. the third pharyngeal pouch contributes to the development of the thyroid gland

Answer 9

nswer: S is true and R is false
Last PAGE: 42,369

Question 10

20043 – S. The thyroid gland moves with the larynx and trachea during swallowing BECAUSE R. the thyroid gland is bound to the larynx and trachea by the pretracheal fascia

Answer 10

S is true, R is true and a valid explanation of S
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 422, 430

Question 11

22899 – The oesophagus
1: passes between the crura of the diaphragm
2: has a coat containing non-striated muscle fibres in its lower two-thirds
3: is not in contact with the right mediastinal pleura in the posterior mediastinum
4: pierces the diaphragm at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra

Answer 11

FTFT
Last (8) PAGE: 250, 262, 433, 278

Question 12

654 – The oesophagus
1: receives its motor innervation via the vagus nerves.
2: has a well defined anatomical sphincter at its lower end just below the diaphragm.
3: is drained by systemic veins only.
4: is constricted to some extent by the right main bronchus.

Answer 12

TFFF
The motor innervation to the oesophagus is via the vagus nerves (1 true). The left vagus supplies the anterior surface, the right the posterior surface. The upper striated muscle receives its nerve supply from the nucleus ambiguus within the medulla and runs via the cranial root of the accessory to the vagus. The smooth muscle in the lower part receives its supply via parasympathetic nerves from the dorsal motor vagal nucleus through the vagal plexus with relays in the oesophageal wall. A dense myenteric nerve plexus with abundant ganglia coordinates muscular activity. The cricopharyngeus, a striated muscle 3 to 5cm wide, closes the upper end of the oesophagus at rest, preventing inspired air entering the gut. The lower oesophageal sphincter has no defined anatomical features (2 false) but is represented by a zone of high resting pressure (10-15mm of mercury) in the lowest (intra-abdominal) segment below the diaphragm. Venous return from the upper oesophagus is to the brachiocephalic veins and from the midoesophagus via the azygos veins to vena cava. The lower oesophagus is
drained by tributaries leading to the left gastric vein, emptying into the portal vein (3 false). This region of the lower oesophagus is the most important surgically relevant site of collaterals developing in portal hypertension. These submucosal varicosities can give rise to serious or fatal haemorrhage. The oesophagus crosses behind the left main bronchus at 27cm (11inches) from the incisor teeth where there is a slight constriction of oesophageal lumen (4 false).

Question 13

21958 – With respect to the cervical oesophagus
1: the muscle is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve
2: there is no submucosa
3: it inclines slightly to the left of midline but enters the thoracic inlet in the midline
4: external to its muscle layer is a layer of connective tissue which is firmly adherent to the prevertebral fascia

Answer 13

TFTF
Last’s 9th Ed., p277.

Question 14

643 – The oesophagus is closely related to the vertebral bodies from the
A. cricoid cartilage to the median arcuate ligament.
B. cricoid cartilage to the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm.
C. cricoid cartilage to the lower limit of the superior mediastinum.
D. thoracic inlet to the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
E. thoracic inlet to the limit of the superior mediastinum.

Answer 14

C
The oesophagus extends from the cricoid cartilage at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra to the cardiac orifice of the stomach at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra (left seventh costal cartilage). In the adult it is approximately 25cm (10 inches) long and is normally collapsed and empty with functional sphincters at its upper and lower ends. On endoscopy the oesophagus starts below the cricopharyngeal sphincter at 15cm (6 inches) from the incisor teeth and extends to the cardiac orifice 40cm (16 inches) from the incisor teeth. It lies predominantly in the midline but inclines to the left as it descends from its cervical origin through the thorax and into the abdomen. The oesophagus is directly in front of the vertebral bodies at its origin at C6 vertebral level, and stays in contact with the vertebral bodies throughout the superior mediastinum, which extends to the lower border of T4 (level of manubriosternal joint and tracheal bifurcation) (C true). After passing behind the left main bronchus the oesophagus inclines forward away from the vertebral bodies to reach the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm at the level of T10 just to the left of the midline.

Question 15

21073 – The cervical oesophagus
1: is related posteriorly to longus capitis muscle
2: is supplied by oesophageal branches of the inferior thyroid artery
3: enters the mediastinum to the right of the midline
4: has venous drainage to the brachiocephalic veins

Answer 15

FTFT
Last 9th Edition PAGE: 434

Question 16

20775 – S. The dehiscence of Killian is a common site for pharyngeal diverticula BECAUSE R. the dehiscence is a weak area of the pharyngeal wall below the cricopharyngeus

Answer 16

S is true and R is false
Last 9th Edition PAGE: 488

Question 17

22139 – An incision along the anterior border of sternomastoid to expose the common carotid artery bifurcation will commonly divide the
1: supraclavicular nerves
2: a sternomastoid branch of the occipital artery
3: transverse cervical nerve
4: common facial vein

Answer 17

FTTT
Last 8th Edition PAGE: Plate 31

Question 18

23724 – The carotid sheath
1: is attached to the aortic arch
2: invests the vagus nerve
3: is attached to the pretracheal fascia
4: is attached to the carotid foramen

Answer 18

TTTT
Last 9th Edition PAGE: 423; 464
- areolar tissue that surrounds the carotid arteries (common and internal), internal jugular vein and vagus nerve
-The sheath is attached to the base of the skull at the margins of the carotid canal, and is continued downwards along the
vessels to the aortic arch. In front the lower part of the sheath is firmly attached to the deep surface of the sternocleidomastoid and along this line the pretracheal fascia blends with it. Behind the carotid sheath there is a minimum of loose areolar tissue between it and the prevertebral fascia

Question 19

22174 – The common carotid artery lies anterior to
1: the cervical sympathetic chain
2: the prevertebral fascia
3: the cervical transverse processes
4: the inferior thyroid artery

Answer 19

TTTT
Last 8th Edition PAGES: 434; 440

Question 20

23464 – Nerves commonly at risk during exposure of the bifurcation of the
common artery are
1: hypoglossal nerve
2: superior laryngeal nerve
3: lingual nerve
4: accessory nerve

Answer 20

TTFF
Last 9th ed. Page: 463.

Question 21

22854 – Structures which pass between the external and the internal carotid arteries include
1: the hypoglossal nerve
2: the glossopharyngeal nerve
3: a portion of the parotid gland
4: the stylopharyngeus muscle

Answer 21

FTTT
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 462
separated by
- styloglossus muscle
- stylopharyngeus
- glossopharyngeal nerve IX
- pharyngeal branch of vegas X
- part of parotid

Question 22

22169 – Nerves which pass between the internal and external carotid
arteries include
1: hypoglossal nerve
2: glossopharyngeal nerve
3: superior laryngeal branch of vagus
4: pharyngeal branch of vagus

Answer 22

FTFT
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 462
separated by
- styloglossus muscle
- stylopharyngeus
- glossopharyngeal nerve IX
- pharyngeal branch of vegas X
- part of parotid

Question 23

23979 – The external carotid artery lies
1: on the middle constrictor muscle
2: deep to the stylohyoid muscle
3: superficial to the stylopharyngeus muscle
4: superficial to the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Answer 23

TTTT
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 437
ext carotid relations
- medial: hyoid bone, wall of pharynx, superior laryngeal nerve, parotid gland
- lateral : internal carotid
posterioinferior
- superior laryngeal nerve
posteiorsuperiorly
- separated from internal carotid by styloglossus, stylopharyngeus, CN IX, pharyngeal branch of vagus, parotid
- Anteriorly: skin superficial fascia, plastymsa, deep cervical fascia, sternocleidomastoid

Things that cross over external carotid
- CNXII, lingual nerve, common facial vein, superior thyroid veins, digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, parotid gland, deep facial nerve, temporal vein, internal maxillary veins.

Question 24

21638 – The thoracic part of the left common carotid artery
1: lies medial to the left pleura and lung
2: lies anterior to the thoracic duct
3: has the left recurrent laryngeal nerve on its lateral side
4: has no branches

Answer 24

TTFT
Last 10th ed. PAGE: 186.
in the chest L) common carotid:
front
- sternohyoid, sternothyoid, anterior portions of left pleura and lung, left brachiocephalic vein, thymus,
behind it lies on
- trachea, esophagus, left recurrent larugnea. nerve, thoracic duct
to its right
- below is brachiocephalic trunk and above is trachea, inferior thyroid, thymus,
to its left
- vagus and phrenic nerve, left pleura, left subclavian artery (posterolateral)

Question 25

23794 – The vertebral artery
1: enters a foramen in the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra
2: terminates in the foramen magnum by joining the artery of the opposite side
3: terminates as the posterior cerebral artery
4: turns medially at the level of the lateral mass of the atlas

Answer 25

FFFT
Last 9th Edition PAGE: 547, 573
1 - enters the foramen in the transverse processes of C1-C6
2 - meets the artery of opposite side at lower border of pons
3 - basilar artery

Question 26

12703 – The vertebral artery gives rise to
1: a meningeal branch before penetrating the dura
2: posterior spinal arteries which pass along the spinal cord close to the posterior nerve rootlets posterior to the dentate ligament
3: a posterior inferior cerebellar artery which insinuates among the rootlets of cranial nerves XII, XI and X
4: the posterior cerebral artery directly

Answer 26

TTTF
The vertebral artery after piercing the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane gives a meningeal branch which lies between the endosteal and fibrous layers of the dura of the posterior fossa (A true). It also gives rise to the posterior spinal arteries, which pass along the spinal cord as described (B true). The anterior spinal and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries arise before the vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery coils in a sinuous manner between the rootlets of cranial nerves XII, XI and X (C true). The posterior cerebral arteries arise from the basilar artery (D false).

Question 27

22559 – The posterior relations of the internal jugular vein include
1: the thoracic duct
2: the subclavian artery
3: the scalenus anterior muscle
4: the omo-hyoid muscle

Answer 27

TTTF
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 438, 443
IJ
- deep to SCM, posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohydid,
- posterior relations:
- rectus capitis lateralis, transverse atlas, scalene ant, cervical plexus, phrenic nerve, thyrocervical trunk, vertebral vein, subclavian artery

Question 28

8485 – The external jugular vein
1: receives blood from the posterior branch of the retromandibular vein
2: lies superficial to the investing layer of deep fascia in the neck
3: usually drains into the subclavian vein
4: has valves about 4cm above the clavicle

Answer 28

TTTT
Last 10th ed, Ch 6
ext jug
- arises from the union of posterior division of retromandibular vein, posterior auricular vein near the mandibular angle below or within parotid. descends obliquely superficial to SCM. crosses the deep cervical fascia at the clavical. drains into subclavian v

Question 29

20457 – S. The left brachio-cephalic vein is at risk during tracheostomy in a young child BECAUSE R. the left brachio-cephalic vein lies above the jugular notch in a young child

Answer 29

S is true, R is true and a valid explanation of S
Last PAGE: 50

Question 30

20409 – S. The subclavian vein is free to dilate when venous return increases BECAUSE R. the subclavian vein lies anterior to the prevertebral fascia

Answer 30

S is true, R is true and a valid explanation of S
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 422

Question 31

14854 – The inferior thyroid veins usually drain into
A. the brachiocephalic veins
B. the internal jugular veins
C. the subclavian veins
D. the vertebral veins
E. the external jugular veins

Answer 31

A
Refer to Last, 10th Ed, page 331
medial after IJ and subclavian have joined

Question 32

19174 – The accessory nerve
A. lies on the scalenus medius muscle in the posterior triangle
B. supplies the levator scapulae muscle
C. passes through the substance of the sternomastoid muscle
D. crosses anterior to the styloid process
E. crosses anterior to the external carotid artery

Answer 32

C
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 464
Begins at C6, enters the skull through foramen magnum, travels out of jugular foramen with glossopharyngeal and vagus. travels backwards and downwards crossing the internal jugular vein at the level of the posterior belly of digastric. pierces through the sternocleidomastoid (whilst supplying it), then continues down until it reaches trapezius to innervate its upper part

Question 33

20793 – S. Paralysis of the sterno-mastoid muscle may occur after operations on the posterior triangle of the neck BECAUSE R. the accessory nerve is at risk in operations on the posterior triangle of the neck

Answer 33

S is false and R is true
Last 9th Edition PAGE: 425

Question 34

24059 – The phrenic nerve
1: carries efferent fibres to the diaphragm
2: carries afferent fibres from the diaphragmatic pleura
3: carries afferent fibres from the parietal pericardium
4: may pass anterior to the subclavian vein

Answer 34

TTTT
Last 10th ed. PAGE: 189

Question 35

21003 – S. In the neck, the thoracic duct lies posterior to the phrenic nerve BECAUSE R. the phrenic nerve lies superficial to the prevertebral fascia

Answer 35

both S and R and false
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 442 Fig.6.8

Question 36

21078 – The cervical sympathetic trunk
1: lies medial to the highest intercostal vein on the neck of the first rib
2: is crossed anteriorly by the inferior thyroid artery
3: is connected with every cervical nerve by grey rami communicantes
4: innervates the sphincter pupillae

Answer 36

TFTF
Last 9th Edition PAGE: 440 Fig. 6.6 518
Located posteriomedial to the carotid sheath anterior to the longus muscles. extends from longus capitis to longus coli over the muscles but under the prevertebral fascia

sympathetic fibres begin in spinal cord from T1-6, and ascend by entering the sympathetic chain. three ganglia in this chain are superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia. Sympathetic fibres synapse in the ganglia, and post ganglionic branches continue into the head and neck.

cilliary ganglion innervates sphincter pupillae

Question 37

20781 – S. Division of the external laryngeal nerve results in flaccidity of the vocal fold BECAUSE R. the external laryngeal nerve supplies the aryepiglottic muscle

Answer 37

S is true and R is false
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 464

supplies the cricothyroid muscle, inferior constrictor and laryngeal mucosa

Question 38

20211 – S. The glossopharyngeal nerve supplies the carotid sinus BECAUSE R. the glossopharyngeal nerve is the nerve of the third pharyngeal arch

Answer 38

S is true, R is true and a valid explanation of S
Last PAGE: 41

Question 39

10466 – The left recurrent laryngeal nerve
1: hooks around the arch of the aorta anterior to the attachment of the ligamentum arteriosum
2: supplies a branch to the left inferior constrictor muscle before entering the larynx
3: supplies the left cricothyroid muscle
4: supplies sensation to the whole of the laryngeal mucosa on the left side
5: contains motor fibres derived from the spinal root of the left accessory nerve

Answer 39

FFFFF
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks round the aortic arch posterior and to the left of the attachment of the ligamentum arteriosum (A incorrect). It then runs up alongside the trachea to pass under the lower border of the inferior constrictor muscle supplies before entering the larynx (B
incorrect). It supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid, which is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve on its outer surface (C incorrect). It supplies sensation to the laryngeal mucosa below the level of the cords, sensation above the cords being supplied by the internal laryngeal nerve (D incorrect). The motor fibres of the recurrent laryngeal nerve are derived from the cranial root of the accessory from the nucleus ambiguus (E incorrect).

Question 40

7658, 19671 – The glossopharyngeal nerve supplies
A. the constrictor muscles of the pharynx
B. the palatopharyngeus muscle
C. the salpingopharyngeus muscle
D. the stylopharyngeus muscle
E. the palatoglossus muscle

Answer 40

D
Last 10th Ed, Ch 6 PAGE: 358

Question 41

22839 – The sternomastoid muscle
1: rotates the head to the opposite side
2: tilts the head to the same side
3: flexes the cervical spine
4: protracts the head

Answer 41

TTTT
Last 9th Edition PAGE: 424
functions: bilateral causes neck flexion, unilateral causes lateral neck flexion (ipsilateral) and neck rotation (contralateral), elevates rib 1.

Question 42

19659 – The scalenus anterior and scalenus medius muscles are separated by
A. the dorsal scapular nerve
B. the phrenic nerve
C. the subclavian vein
D. the roots of the brachial plexus
E. all of the above

Answer 42

D
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 444

Question 43

19821 – The scalenus anterior muscle
A. lies anterior to the thoracic duct on the left side
B. is separated from the phrenic nerve by the prevertebral fascia
C. is crossed anteriorly by the subclavian artery
D. overlies the trunks of the brachial plexus
E. is crossed anteriorly by the transverse cervical artery

Answer 43

E
Last 9th Edition PAGE: 442

Thoracic duct terminates at the venous angle of the left subclavian and internal jugular /commencement of brachiocephalic vein below the clavicle. it lies anterior to the anterior scalene and phrenic nerve before its final destination.

There is a bicuspid valve located at the junction of the thoracic duct with the draining vein (e.g. left internal jugular vein preventing backflow of venous blood into lymphatic system)

Phrenic nerve lies on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle, passes over dome of pleura and enters the thorax posterior to the subclavian vein.

Scalene anterior lies anterior to subclavian artery and posterior to phrenic nerve.

Posterior relations: suprapleural membrane, pleura, roots of brachial plexus, subclavian artery.

Anterior:
- clavicle, subclavius, sternocleidomastoid, omohyoid, lateral part of carotid sheath, transverse cervical, suprascapular and ascending cervical arteries, subclavian vein, prevertebral fascia
C3-5 spinal roots forming the phrenic nerve on the anterior surface of scalenus anterior

Question 44

19827 – Fibres of the superior constrictor muscle are attached to
A. the sphenomandibular ligament
B. the lateral pterygoid plate
C. the stylohyoid ligament
D. the greater cornu of the hyoid bone
E. the mandible

Answer 44

E
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 485

Question 45

18982 – The inferior constrictor muscle
A. arises from the stylohyoid ligament and the hyoid bone
B. includes the cricopharyngeus muscle
C. is supplied by the internal laryngeal nerve
D. is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve
E. has none of the above properties

Answer 45

B
Last 10th ed. PAGE: 377
C - external laryngeal

Question 46

22144 – The trachea
1: is lined by pseudostratifid ciliated columnar epithelium
2: is supported by ‘C’ shaped hyaline cartilaginous ‘rings’
3: derives part of its blood supply from the superior thyroid artery
4: diminishes in diameter as the carina is approached

Answer 46

TTFF
Last 10th ed. PAGE: 187

Question 47

23064 – The vocal cord is lengthened by
1: the thyroarytenoid muscle
2: the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
3: the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
4: the cricothyroid muscle

Answer 47

FFFT
Last 8th Edition PAGE: 500

Question 48

19498 – The vocal cord is shortened by
A. the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
B. the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
C. the cricothyroid muscle
D. the thyroarytenoid muscle

Answer 48

D
Last 7th Edition PAGE: 428

Question 49

7084 – Abduction of the vocal cords results from contraction of the
A. crico-thyroid muscles
B. posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
C. vocalis muscles
D. thyro-aryepiglottic muscles
E. lateral crico-arytenoid and transverse arytenoid muscles

Answer 49

B
These tiny muscles are the sole abductors of the vocal cords - the others are all constrictive. Voice was a late evolutionary development of the larynx - thus most muscles subserve the primitive sphincteric laryngeal function of protecting the airway during swallowing.

Question 50

8988 – Abduction of the vocal cords results from contraction of the
A. cricothyroid muscles
B. posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
C. inter arytenoid muscle
D. aryepiglottic muscle
E. lateral cricoarytenoid and transverse arytenoid muscles

Answer 50

B
Last 8th. ed. PAGE: 501
These tiny muscles are the sole abductors of the vocal cords - the others are all constrictive. Voice was a late evolutionary development of the larynx - thus most muscles subserve the primitive sphincteric laryngeal function of protecting the airway during swallowing.

Question 51

7809 – The atlas
1: is the widest of the cervical vertebrae
2: has the vertebral artery lying on its anterior arch
3: has a transverse process which is palpable through the skin
4: can rotate laterally on the occipital bone

Answer 51

TFTF
Last 10th ed, Ch 6

Question 52

10312 – A patient presents with a midline swelling in the neck just above the suprasternal notch. The swelling moves upwards on swallowing. It is most likely to be a
A. thyroglossal cyst
B. dermoid cyst
C. branchial cyst
D. thyroid nodule
E. parathyroid adenoma

Answer 52

D
The correct response to this question has mostly been discussed in the resource unit and texts.