Abdomen 2 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
abdominal viscera
A
includes gastrointestinal, endocrine, and urogenital systems
2
Q
organization of the gastrointestinal system
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foregut, midgut, and hindgut
3
Q
foregut
A
-esophagus
-stomach
-proximal duodenum
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
4
Q
midgut
A
-distal duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
-cecum
-appendix
-ascending colon
-2/3 transverse colon
5
Q
hindgut
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-distal 1/3 transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum
6
Q
inferior phrenic arteries
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supplies inferior diaphragm
7
Q
suprarenal arteries
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supplies adrenal glands
8
Q
renal arteries
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supplies kidneys to filter blood
9
Q
gonadal arteries
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supplies testes/ovaries
10
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lumbar arteries
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supply posterior abdominal wall
11
Q
common iliac arteries
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supples anterior abdominal wall, pelvic structures, and lower limb
12
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celiac trunk
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supplies foregut structures
13
Q
superior mesenteric artery
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supplies midgut structures
14
Q
inferior mesenteric artery
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supplies hindgut structures
15
Q
celiac trunk divides into:
A
left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic arteries
16
Q
superior mesenteric artery gives rise to
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intestinal arteries, ileocolic artery, right colic artery, and middle colic artery
16
Q
what does each common iliac artery give rise to
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each common iliac artery gives rise to the internal and external iliac arteries
16
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inferior mesenteric artery gives rise to
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left colic artery, sigmoid artery, and superior rectal artery
17
Q
what structures anastomose with the inferior vena cava
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Paired:
-inferior phrenic veins
-suprarenal veins
-renal veins
-gonadal veins
-lumbar veins
-common iliac veins
18
Q
inferior phrenic vein
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dran inferior diaphragm
19
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suprarenal vein
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drain adrenal gland
20
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renal vein
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drain kidney of filtered blood
21
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gonadal vein
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drain testes/ovaries
22
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lumbar vein
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drain posterior abdominal wall
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common iliac vein
drains anterior abdominal wall, pelvic structures, and lower limb
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hepatic portal system contents:
-superior mesenteric vein
-inferior mesenteric vein
-splenic vein
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superior mesenteric vein
drains portions of foregut and midgut
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inferior mesenteric vein
drains hindgut
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splenic vein
drains non-nutrient blood from spleen
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hepatic portal vein function
return processed blood from liver to inferior vena cava
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innervation of abdominal viscera
-aortic plexus
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aortic plexus
network of ganglia and autonomic fibers coating the thoracic aorta
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parasympathetic innervation of abdominal viscera
vagal trunk
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sympathetic innervation of abdominal viscera
thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
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sympathetic ganglia associated with aortic plexus
-celiac
-aorticorenal
-superior mesenteric
-inferior mesenteric
-renal plexus
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preganglionic pass through chains to form...
splanchnic nerves that synapse with postganglionic neurons that hitch a ride w arteries to innervate viscera
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greater splanchnic nerve
-sympathetic: celiac ganglion
-foregut structures
-celiac trunk
- splenic vein of HPS
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
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lesser splanchnic nerves
-sympathetic: aorticorenal and superior mesenteric ganglia
-midgut structures
-superior mesenteric artery
-superior mesenteric vein of HPS
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least splanchnic nerves
-sympathetic renal plexus
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lumbar splanchnic nerves
-sympathetic: inferior mesenteric ganglion
-hindgut structures
-inferior mesenteric artery
-inferior mesenteric vein of HPS
-parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic
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when does vagus nerve become vagal trunk
after the esophageal plexus
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vagal trunk
pregang neurons in a nerve plexuses that synapse with postgang neurons in intramural ganglia within viscera
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plevic splanchnic nerves
-nervi erigentes
-anterior rami of spinal nerves S2-S4
-synapse with postgang neurons in intramural ganglia located within viscera
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4 layers of gastrointestinal wall
-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis externis
-serosa
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mucosa
-innermost layer
-surrounds lumen
-simple columnar epithelium
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosae
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lamina propria
connective tissue layer containing lymphocyte nodules
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muscularis mucosae
produces segmentation (mixing motility pattern)
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submucosa
dense layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels adn lymphatics and submucosal plexus
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muscularis externis
produces paristalsis that propels food through tract, regulated by myenteric plexus
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Serosa
-visceral peritoneum
-loose connective tissue
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esophagus
-muscular tube that begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage
-descends posterior to trachea
-exits thorax through esophageal hiatus
-terminates at esophagogastric junction
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types of muscle in the esophagus
-superior 1/3 skeletal muscle
-inferior 1/3 smooth
-middle 1/3 mix
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distal esophagus supplied by
esophageal branches of left gastric artery and drained by left gastric vein
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esophagus below the diaphragm innervated by
-sympathetic: splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
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what do vagal trunks innervate
smooth muscle of abdominal viscera up until the distal 1/3 of transverse colon
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stomach
-composed of four regions and two curvatures
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four regions of stomach
-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pylorus region
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curvatures of stomach
lesser and greater curvature
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rugae
gastric folds that allow the stomach gto expand
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how does stomach process food
-mechanically via muscular contractions and chemically through HCl and pepsin
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celiac trunk supplies stomach through
-lesser curvature via gastric artery
-greater curvature via gastroomental artery
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stomach drainage
left and right gastric veins and left and right gastro omental vein
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Innervation of the stomach
-sympathetic: greater splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunks
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Small intestine
-extends from pylorus to ileocecal junction
-differentiated into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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Duodenum
-site of digestion
-four parts: superior, descending, inferior, and ascending
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superior duodenum
ONLY intraperitoneal portion, rest is retroperitoneal
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descending duodenum
-curves around head of the pancreas
-receives digestive enzymes from pancreas via main pancreatic duct
-receives bile from the gallbladder via common bile duct
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accessory pancreatic duct
provides and transports digestive enzymes
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ampulla of vater
common bile duct and main pancreatic duct combined
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proximal supply of duodenum and pancreas
common hepatic branch off the celiac trunk
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distal supply of duodenum and pancreas
superior mesenteric artery
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innervation of pancreas and duodenum
-sympathetic: greater and lesser splanchnic nerves via celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
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jejunum and ileum
-suspended by mesentery proper
-primary site of nutrient absorption
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mesentery proper
mesentery of the small intestine
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small intestine supply
-intestinal arteries off the superior mesenteric artery
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small intestine drainage
-superior mesenteric vein of hepatic portal system
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lacteals in intestinal villi
-absorb fat from the diet
-drained through juxtaintestinal, mesenteric, and central nodes which then go into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes and onto cisterna chyli
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innervation of lacteals
-sympathetic: lesser splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
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sections and motility in sympathetic vs parasympathetic
-sympathetic: reduces
-parasympathetic: increases
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Large intestine
-teniae coli, haustrum, and epiploic appendages
-water and electrolyte reabsorption and storage of undigested food prior to elimination
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teniae coli
strips of thick muscular externa in the colon
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haustrum
segments in the colon
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epiploic appendages
things that hang off the colon with no known function
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cecum
first part of the large intestine that houses the appendix
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appendix
-blind diverticulum
-typically found in retrocecal position
-may be involved in immune response or replenishing of normal flora
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ascending colon
-retroperitoneal
-ends at right colic fissure
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transverse colon
-intraperitoneal
-ends at left colic fissure
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cecum supplied and drained by
ileocolic artery and ileocolic vein
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ascending colon supplied by
right colic artery and right colic vein
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proximal 2/3 of transverse colon supplied by
marginal artery and marginal vein
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distal 1/3 of transverse colon supplied by
marginal artery that anastomoses with branch from the inferior mesenteric artery and marginal vein
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colon up until proximal 2/3 of transverse colon is innervated by
-sympathetic: lesser splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
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descending colon
-retroperitoneal
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sigmoid colon
-intraperitoneal
-S shaped
-suspended by sigmoid mesocolon
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upper 1/3 of the rectum
-retroperitoneal
-lacks teniae coli and omental appendages
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Major transition point in the body
distal 1/3 of transverse colon that marks a transition to autonomic innervation
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descending colon supply and drainage
left colic artery and left colic vein
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sigmoid colon supply and drainage
sigmoidal arteries and sigmoidal veins
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upper rectum supply and drainage
superior rectal artery of the inferior mesenteric artery and superior rectal vein of the inferior mesenteric vein of HPS
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innervation of distal 1/3 transverse, descending, sigmoid, and rectum
-sympathetic: lumbar splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic nerves
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Spleen
-lymphatic and hematopoietic intraperitoneal organ
-between 9-11 ribs and rests on left colic fissure
-hilum
-often in contact with tail of pancreas
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hilum
allows for passage of vasculature into the spleen
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gastrosplenic ligament
connects spleen to stomach
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splenorenal ligament
connects spleen to left kidney
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spleen blood supply
splenic artery of celiac trunk and divides into multiple branches at the hilum
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spleen blood drainage
splenic vein that joins with the inferior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric vein to form hepatic portal vein
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innervation of spleen
-sympathetic: greater splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunks
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Pancreas
-head,neck,body,tail
-retroperitoneal organ
-endocrine and exocrine portion
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endocrine portion of the pancreas
-secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream
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exocrine portion of the pancreas
bicarbonate and digestive enzymes released into duodenum from main pancreatic and accessory pancreatic duct
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blood supply to pancreas
-anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries from the gastroduodenal artery of common hepatic artery
-dorsal and greater pancreatic arteries of the splenic artery from celiac trunk
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pancreas blood drained by
pancreatic veins of splenic and superior mesenteric veins of HPS
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innervation of the pancreas
-sympathetic: greater and lesser splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
112
liver and gallbladder
-metabolism and storage of biomolecules
-involved in detoxification
-site of cholesterol synthesis and iron metabolism
-production and storage of bile
-removal of old blood cells
-synthesis of plasma proteins
113
four lobes in the liver
-left
-right
-caudate
-quadrate
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what surrounds the liver
fibrous capsule
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falciform ligament
attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall and separates right and left lobes
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visceral surface of liver
contains caval and gallbladder
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ligamentum venosum and round ligament
divides the visceral surface of liver
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caudate lobe and quadrate lobe
located on the underside or right lobe and separated by porta hepatis
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porta hepatis/portal triad
location of portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct enter or exit liver
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hepatoduodenal ligament
houses the portal triad
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blood supply of liver
left and right hepatic arteries from proper hepatic artery of the celiac trunk
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what does it receive from HPS
nutrient rich blood from the hepatic portal vein for processing
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where is the filtered blood transported
from the liver to the inferior vena cava via multiple hepatic veins
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what innervates the liver
-sympathetic: celiac plexus
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
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biliary tree
carries bile produced by hepatocytes to the gallbladder for storage and eventually to the duodenum
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bile duct formed by
left and right hepatic, common hepatic, and cystic ducts
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where is gallbladder held?
gallbladder fossa on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver
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part of gallbladder
fundus, body, neck
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what supplies the gallbladder
cystic artery from the right hepatic artery of the proper hepatic artery of celiac trunk
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what drains the gallbladder
numerous cystic veins
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innervation of the gallbladder
-sympathetic: celiac plexus
-parasympathetic: vagal trunks
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kidneys, ureters, suprarenal glands
-retroperitoneal, behind peritineum
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kidney
-remove nitrogenous waste from protein
-maintain water and salt balance
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ureters
transport urine from kidney to bladder
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suprarenal glands
-adrenal glands
-secrete hormones
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perinephric fat and renal fascia
surrounds kidneys and suprarenal glands
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renal hilum
where renal vasculature enters and exits, surrounded by fat-filled renal sinus
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renal cortex
outer layer and surrounded by fibrous capsule
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renal medulla
inner layer consisting of renal pyramids and renal columns
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renal pyramids
projects into depressions called minor calyces
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major calyces
connects with renal pelvis
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adrenal cortex
secretes corticosteroid hormones(stress hormones)
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adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (sympathetic response)
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kidney blood supply
renal arteries from abdominal aorta that branch into five segmental arteries
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kidney drained by
renal veins that empty into inferior vena cava
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arteries of the ureters
branches of the renal arteries
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suprarenal glands supplied by
superior suprarenal arteries of the inferior phrenic artery, middle suprarenal arteries of abdominal aorta, and inferior suprarenal arteries of the renal arteries
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suprarenal glands drained by
right suprarenal vein and left suprarenal vein into the inferior vena cava
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kidneys innervated by
-sympathetic: least splanchnic nerve
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
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suprarenal glands innervated by
-preganglionic sympathetic fibers of the celiac plexus that synapse with chromaffin cells
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chromaffin cells
secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine into vasculature
