AC 2.2-individualistic theories of crime

Question 1

what is psychoANALYSIS (FRUED)

Answer 1

-Freud=early childhood experiences determine our personality and future career.
-traumatic experiances leaves marks on the individual even if not aware of them

-ID: controls selfish animalistic desires and basic needs (sex, food, sleep)
-EGO: moral conscience. developed through early experiances and interactions with parents. Takes on “nagging parent” role
-SUPEREGO: seeks rational control. strikes balance between the conflicting demands of ID and ego. satisfies urge of ID in a moral way

-Id is dominant when criminality occurs, unable to control urges. children progress from being ID dominant, seeking instant gratification to reality (ego dominant)

Question 2

what is ID (Frued)

Answer 2

controls selfish animalistic desires and basic needs (sex, food, sleep)
-SUPEREGO: moral conscience. developed through early experiances and interactions with parents. Takes on “nagging parent” role

Question 3

what is EGO (Frued)

Answer 3

moral conscience. developed through early experiances and interactions with parents. Takes on “nagging parent” role

Question 4

what is SUPEREGO (Frued)

Answer 4

seeks rational control. strikes balance between the conflicting demands of ID and Superego. satisfies urge of ID in a moral way

Question 5

what is psychoDYNAMIC theory (Bowlby)

Answer 5

-maternal deprivation, bowlby
-links between maternal deprivation and ant social behavior
-a child needs a close continuous relationship with their primary carer from birth- age 5
-broken attachment even for a short time may lead to “effectionless psychopathy” and criminal behavior
-bowlby studied 44 juvenile theives who has been referred to a child guidance clinic and found that 39% had suffered maternal deprivation compared to the 5% who didnt (control group)

Question 6

who are the 2 social learning theories?

Answer 6

1) Skinners operant learning theory (Behaviorism)
2) Banduras bobo doll experiment

Question 7

what was skinners theory? (social learning)

Answer 7

-argues if a certain behavior results in a reward, it’ll be repeated. if certain behavior has undesirable outcomes, it wont be repeated
-Skinner=all behaviour is a result of reinforcements and punishments, explains criminal behaviour
-Jeffery’s=criminality is learnt through reinforcement of behaviour
if crime has a more rewarding consequence than punishment, criminal behaviour will likely occur (rational choice)

Question 8

what is banduras theory? (social learning)

Answer 8

-Bandura assumes offending is a set of behaviours learned in the same way as others through observing and reinforcement (especially if higher status)
-people more likely to imitate models is model is rewarded for their actions than punished

Question 9

what is Banduras bobo doll experiment? (social learning)

Answer 9

-group of 4-5year olds where divided into 3 groups and watched different videos, all saw an adult model verbally & physically abusing the bobo doll

-group 1=model was rewarded
-group 2=model was punished
-group 3- no consequence (control group)

Results:
group 1=imitated behaviour
group 2= least likely to imitate
group 3=imitated to a less extent

Question 10

PSYchological (Eysenck personality theory)

Answer 10

-eysenck conducted a survey on 7000 soldiers and devised 2 personality metrics
-Group E=Extroversion
-group N=measures neuroticism

-high E scores=very extroverted
-high N scores=very neurotic (anxious, depressed, moody)

-most criminals=high E and N scores

-eysenck=argues that reward seeking and punishment avoidant, and genetic inheritance (nervous system) causes high E and N scores leading to criminal personalities

later research=added psychotic tendacies
-high P scores=cruel, aggressive, lacks empathy
-more likely to lead to criminal tendencies