AC-Ch. 1 Tree Biology

Question 1

Fine, fibrous roots to take up water and minerals. Most are within the top 12 inches of soil.

Answer 1

Absorbing roots

Question 2

Bud arising from a place other than a leave axil or shoot tip, usually as a result of hormonal triggers.

Answer 2

Adventitious bud

Question 3

Aboveground roots. Usually adventitious nature and sometimes having unique adaptive function.

Answer 3

Aerial roots

Question 4

Plant seeds born in an ovary. Consist of two large groups: monocotyledons and Dicotyledons.

Answer 4

Angiosperms

Question 5

Red or purple pigment responsible for those colors and some parts of trees and other plants.

Answer 5

Anthocyanin

Question 6

Substance applied to the foliage of plants to reduce water loss.

Answer 6

Antitranspiant

Question 7

Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot

Answer 7

Apical bub

Question 8

Condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season

Answer 8

Apical dominance

Question 9

Growing point at the tips of shoots and roots

Answer 9

Apical meristem

Question 10

Free spaces in plant tissue. Includes cell walls and intracellular spaces.

Answer 10

Apoplasm

Question 11

Plant hormones or substance that promotes or regulates the growth and development of plants. Produced at sites where cells are dividing, primarily in the shoot tips. Compounds may be synthetically produced

Answer 11

Auxin

Question 12

Movement of water, minerals, or Photosynthates longitudinally within a tree

Answer 12

Axial transport

Question 13

Bud in the axil of a leaf. Lateral bud.

Answer 13

Axiliary bud

Question 14

Raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.

Answer 14

Branch Bark Ridge

Question 15

Area were a branch joins another branch or trunk that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk. Typically enlarged at the base of the branch.

Answer 15

Branch collar

Question 16

(One) small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may developed into the flower or shoot. (Two) underdeveloped flower or shoot containing a meristematic growing point.

Answer 16

Bud

Question 17

Roots in the trunk base that help support the tree and equalize mechanical stress.

Answer 17

Buttress roots

Question 18

Thin layer of meristematic cells that give rise to the phloem and to the xylem, increasing stem and root diameter.

Answer 18

Cambium

Question 19

Compound, combining carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis.

Answer 19

Carbohydrate

Question 20

Yellow, orange, or red pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants.

Answer 20

Carotenoid

Question 21

Area at the base of the petiole where cellular breakdown needs to leave in fruit drop

Answer 21

Abscission zone

Question 22

Complex carbohydrate found in cellular walls of the majority on the plants and algae and certain fungal

Answer 22

Cellulose

Question 23

Green pigment of plants found in chloroplasts. Captures the energy of the sun and is essential and photosynthesis

Answer 23

Chlorophyll

Question 24

Specialized organelle found in some cells. Site of photosynthesis

Answer 24

Chloroplast

Question 25

Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms.

Answer 25

Compartmentalization

Question 26

Meristematic tissue from which the Corky, protective outer layer of bark is formed.

Answer 26

Cork cambium

Question 27

Waxy layer outside of the epidermis of a leaf that reduces water loss and resists insect damage.

Answer 27

Cuticle

Question 28

Plant hormone involved in cell division, leaf expansion, and other physiological processes. Compounds with cytokinin like activity may be synthetically produced.

Answer 28

Cytokinin

Question 29

Tree or other plant that sheds all all of its leaves according to a genetically scheduled cycle has impacted by climate factors usually during the cold season and temperate zones.

Answer 29

Deciduous

Question 30

Rounded or spreading growth habit of the tree crown

Answer 30

Decurrent

Question 31

Process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions

Answer 31

Differentiation

Question 32

Pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes are distributed evenly throughout the annual ring

Answer 32

Diffuse porous

Question 33

In a period of dormancy

Answer 33

Dormant

Question 34

Study of the relationships among organisms and other living and non living elements of their environment

Answer 34

Ecology

Question 35

Arising from a latent adventitious bud (growth point)

Answer 35

Epicormic

Question 36

Tree or other plant that does not shed all of its foliage annually

Answer 36

Evergreen

Question 37

Tree growth habit characterized by a central leader and a pyramidal crown

Answer 37

Excurrent

Question 38

Elongated tapering thick walled cell that provides strength to wood

Answer 38

Fiber

Question 39

Large divided leaf structures found in palms and ferns

Answer 39

Fronds

Question 40

Plant growth produced as a response to the force of gravity (roots), or negative, as in opposite the direction of gravity (shoots)

Answer 40

Geotropism

Question 41

Rings of xylem that are visible in a cross section of the stem, branches and roots of some trees. In temperate zones the rings typically represent one year of growth and are sometimes referred to as annual rings

Answer 41

Growth rings

Question 42

Pair of specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of a stomate due to a change in water pressure within cells

Answer 42

Guard cells

Question 43

Plants with exposed seeds usually within cones

Answer 43

Gymnosperm

Question 44

Wood that is altered from sapwood and provides chemical defense against decay-causing organisms and continues to provide structural strength to the trunk. Some trees do not have this

Answer 44

Heartwood

Question 45

Bark that becomes embedded in a crotch between branch and trunk or between codominant stems causes a weak structure

Answer 45

Included bark

Question 46

Cluster of flowers

Answer 46

Inflorescence

Question 47

Region of the stem between two successive nodes

Answer 47

Internode

Question 48

Vegetative bud on the side of a stem

Answer 48

Lateral bud

Question 49

Root that arises by cell division in the pericycle of the parent root and then penetrates the cortex and epidermis

Answer 49

Lateral root

Question 50

Point of attachment of a leaf petiole to a stem

Answer 50

Leaf axil

Question 51

Small opening in the bark that permits the exchange of gases

Answer 51

Lenticel

Question 52

Organic substance that impregnates certain cell walls to thicken and strengthen the cell to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage

Answer 52

Lignin

Question 53

Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium and latent buds

Answer 53

Meristem

Question 54

Symbiotic association between certain fungi and the roots of a plant

Answer 54

Mycorrhizae

Question 55

Slightly enlarged portion of a stem where leaves and buds arise

Answer 55

Node

Question 56

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential

Answer 56

Osmosis

Question 57

Thin walled living cells essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage and production of protective compounds

Answer 57

Parenchyma cells

Question 58

The outer layers of tissue of woody roots and stems consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it

Answer 58

Periderm

Question 59

Stalk or support axis of a leaf

Answer 59

Petiole

Question 60

Plant vascular tissue that transports Photosynthates and growth regulators. Situated on the inside of bark just outside the cambium. Is bidirectional

Answer 60

Phloem

Question 61

General term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis

Answer 61

Photosynthate

Question 62

Process in green plants by which light energy is used to form glucose from water and carbon

Answer 62

Photosynthesis

Question 63

Influence of light on the direction of plant growth. Tendency of plants to grow toward light.

Answer 63

Phototropism

Question 64

Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants. May be naturally produced or synthetic

Answer 64

Plant growth regulator

Question 65

Substance produced by a plant that in low concentrations affects physiological processes such as growth and development often at a distance from the substance point of origin

Answer 65

Plant hormone

Question 66

Root and stem growth in length. Occurs at the apical meristems and lateral meristems of all vascular plants

Answer 66

Primary growth

Question 67

Process of increasing plant numbers both sexually and asexually

Answer 67

Propagation

Question 68

Lateral movement of substances perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree or stem

Answer 68

Radial transport

Question 69

Parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport storage structural strength and defense

Answer 69

Ray

Question 70

Natural boundry formed chemically within a tree to separate damaged wood from existing healthy wood. Important in the process of compartmentalization

Answer 70

Reaction zone

Question 71

In plants process by which carbohydrates are converted into energy by using oxygen

Answer 71

Respiration

Question 72

Pattern of wood development in which the large diameter vessels are concentrated in the earlywood

Answer 72

Ring porous

Question 73

Area where the main roots join the plant stem usually at or near ground level. Root collar

Answer 73

Root crown

Question 74

Region at the base of a palm stem where lateral roots emerge

Answer 74

Root initiation zone

Question 75

Dense network of roots near the base of a palm

Answer 75

Root mat

Question 76

Outer wood (xylem) that is active in longitudinal transport of water and minerals.

Answer 76

Sapwood

Question 77

Increase in root and stem girth or diameter. Occurs at lateral meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots

Answer 77

Secondary growth

Question 78

Long slender phloem cell in gymnosperms

Answer 78

Sieve cell

Question 79

Specialized phloem cells involved in Photosynthate transport. Exist only in angiosperms

Answer 79

Sieve tube elements

Question 80

Plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces.

Answer 80

Sink

Question 81

Downward growing roots that provide anchorage and take up water and minerals

Answer 81

Sinker roots

Question 82

In physiology plant that produces carbohydrates. Mature leaves are these

Answer 82

Source

Question 83

Small pores between two guard cells on the undersides of leaves and other green plant parts through which gases are exchanged and water loss is regulated

Answer 83

Stomata

Question 84

Association of two different types of living organisms that is often but not always beneficial to each.

Answer 84

Symbiosis

Question 85

Entire mass of protoplasm of all cells in a plant interconnected by plasmodesmata

Answer 85

Symplasm

Question 86

Central, vertical root growing directly below the main stem or trunk that may or may not persist into plant maturity

Answer 86

Tap root

Question 87

Region lying between the tropics and the poles that has relatively moderate temperatures

Answer 87

Temperate

Question 88

Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot.

Answer 88

Terminal bud

Question 89

Elongated, tapering xylem cell adapted for the support and transport of water and elements

Answer 89

Tracheid

Question 90

Water vapor loss through the stomata of leaves

Answer 90

Transpiration

Question 91

Tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to an external stimulus such as gravity or light

Answer 91

Tropism

Question 92

End to end, tubelike, water conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms

Answer 92

Vessels

Question 93

Main water and mineral conducting tissue in trees and other plants. Provides structural support. Arises inward from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying. Unidirectional up only

Answer 93

Xylem

Question 94

Name all the functions or the root system

Answer 94

Absorption, conduction, anchorage, storage & hormone production

Question 95

Name the major layers of a tree from outside to inside in order

Answer 95

Bark phloem cambium xylem