ACD Flashcards

Question

Answer 1

A

moral model
pharmocological model
symptomatic model
disease model
learning theory model
psychobiological model
brain disease model

Answer 2

A

for:
- All addictive drugs affect the mesolimbic reward system in the brain
- Drug use causes long-lasting changes in brain function
- Drug use shifts from voluntary to compulsive drug-seeking behaviour
- Addiction behaves like other chronic diseases requiring long-term management

against:
- Viewing addiction only as a brain disease risks ignoring critical roles of behaviour, environment and social factors
- Reduces complex behaviour to biology
- Patients may become reluctant as they ‘cant do anything about it’

Answer 3

A

for:
- Addiction is about pathological wanting, not liking  addicts continue to want drug even when they say they don’t enjoy it
- Brain becomes hyper-reactive to drug cues which triggers intense cravings even after abstinence. These changes are long-lasting. Evidence: increased dopamine release in sensitized animals and humans when exposed to drug cues
- Neurobiological evidence: increased dopamine response in nucleus accumbens, changes in neuronal structure, enhanced behavioural response to drug cues.

against:
- Overemphasis on one brain system (mesolimbic), neglecting complex network of systems involved, like PFC. It is beyond incentive salience and dopamine sensitisation
- Downplays the role of cognitive factors (rational choice / meaning-making) and trauma, isolcation and mental illness.
- Limited evidence for sensitisation in humans

Answer 4

A

At least 2 of the following occurring within last 12 months
1. Taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than you’re meant to.
2. Wanting to cut down or stop using the substance but not managing to.
3. Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from use of the substance.
4. Cravings and urges to use the substance.
5. Not managing to do what you should at work, home, or school because of substance use.
6. Continuing to use, even when it causes problems in relationships.
7. Giving up important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use.
8. Using substances again and again, even when it puts you in danger.
9. Continuing to use, even when you know you have a physical or psychological problem that
could have been caused or made worse by the substance.
10. Needing more of the substance to get the effect you want (tolerance).
11. Development of withdrawal symptoms, which can be relieved by taking more of the substance

Answer 5

A

low SES
poor academic achievement
genetic predisposition
parenting
trauma / stress
personality traits
early age
availability at school

Answer 6

A

neurons in the VTA are projected to NA and Substances/cues increase release of dopa directly inthe nucleus accumbens or via VTA. This leads to strong reinforcement of drug-related behaviour

Answer 7

A

So, increased dopamine activity due to drugs leads to decrease of dopamine receptors.

Answer 8

A

number of D2 receptors relates to individual differences in reward sensitivity: less receptors means lower reward sensitivity and higher vulnerability for addictions (natural rewards such as food are not sufficient).

Answer 9

A

There is a spike in DA neurons in VTA en SN. this signals to cortico-striatal circuits that current reward does not match expected value

Answer 10

A

Chronic drug use increasing dopamine levels
Increased dopamine levels leads to dopamine D2 receptor downregulation
Downregulation leads to anhedonia and tolerance
Wanting to use more drugs

Answer 11

A

conditioned place preference paradigm
conditioned reinforcement paradigm
conditioned reinstatement paradigm
pavlovian conditioned approach

Answer 12

A

habits are formed when a behaviour is followed by reward (positive reinforcement) or by the absence of an expected negative event (negative reinforcement)